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Determination of the relative sensitivity of polyaniline inks and films to deprotonation by ammonia using UV–Vis spectroscopy (2023)
Journal Article
Udum, Y. A., Killard, A. J., & Wagner, M. (2024). Determination of the relative sensitivity of polyaniline inks and films to deprotonation by ammonia using UV–Vis spectroscopy. European Polymer Journal, 205, Article 112709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112709

The deprotonation behavior of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) is an important functional parameter in the design of novel printed electronic devices, particularly for sensors and energy storage. PANI can be fabricated into films from p... Read More about Determination of the relative sensitivity of polyaniline inks and films to deprotonation by ammonia using UV–Vis spectroscopy.

Development of a paper-based lateral flow Prothrombin assay (2022)
Journal Article
Saidykhan, J., Pointon, L., Cinti, S., May, J., & Killard, A. (2022). Development of a paper-based lateral flow Prothrombin assay. Analytical Methods, 14, 3718-3726. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ay00965j

Disorders of haemostasis result in both excessive bleeding and clotting and are a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing world. A small number of simple tests can be used to screen and monitor for such dysfuncti... Read More about Development of a paper-based lateral flow Prothrombin assay.

Paper-based lateral flow device for the sustainable measurement of human plasma fibrinogen in low-resource settings (2021)
Journal Article
Saidykhan, J., Selevic, L., Cinti, S., May, J., & Killard, A. (2021). Paper-based lateral flow device for the sustainable measurement of human plasma fibrinogen in low-resource settings. Analytical Chemistry, 93(41), 14007-14013. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03665

Fibrinogen concentration is a major determinant of both clotting and bleeding risk. Clotting and bleeding disorders cause extensive morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-poor and emergency settings. This is exacerbated by a lack of timely... Read More about Paper-based lateral flow device for the sustainable measurement of human plasma fibrinogen in low-resource settings.

Simple and convenient measurement of RBC deformability using QCM integrated with a novel model of cell viscoelasticity (2018)
Journal Article
Efremov, V., Lakshmanan, R., Byrne, B., & Killard, A. (2018). Simple and convenient measurement of RBC deformability using QCM integrated with a novel model of cell viscoelasticity. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 266, 472-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.145

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. It is well-established that alterations in cell morphology are regulated by cell signalling pathways, with the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of these intrinsic processes being of potential diagnostic value. Moreover, th... Read More about Simple and convenient measurement of RBC deformability using QCM integrated with a novel model of cell viscoelasticity.

Design and simulation of a high-gain organic operational amplifier for use in quantification of cholesterol in low-cost point-of-care devices (2017)
Journal Article
Donaghy, D., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Killard, A., & Raja, M. (2017). Design and simulation of a high-gain organic operational amplifier for use in quantification of cholesterol in low-cost point-of-care devices. IET Circuits, Devices and Systems, 11(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2016.0500

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology. This paper presents circuit design and simulations of a high gain organic Op-Amp, for use in quantification of real cholesterol, in the range of 1-9 mM. A 7-stage inverter chain is added onto the desig... Read More about Design and simulation of a high-gain organic operational amplifier for use in quantification of cholesterol in low-cost point-of-care devices.

Biomedical Diagnostics Enabled by Integrated Organic and Printed Electronics (2017)
Journal Article
Baumann, R. R., Ahmadraji, T., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Ritvonen, T., Willert, A., Ylimaula, S., …Killard, A. (2017). Biomedical Diagnostics Enabled by Integrated Organic and Printed Electronics. Analytical Chemistry, 89(14), 7447-7454. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01012

© 2017 American Chemical Society. Organic and printed electronics integration has the potential to revolutionize many technologies, including biomedical diagnostics. This work demonstrates the successful integration of multiple printed electronic fu... Read More about Biomedical Diagnostics Enabled by Integrated Organic and Printed Electronics.

An electrochemical sensor device for measuring blood ammonia at the point of care (2017)
Journal Article
Brannelly, N. T., & Killard, A. (2017). An electrochemical sensor device for measuring blood ammonia at the point of care. Talanta, 167, 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.025

The level of ammonia in blood is relevant in a number of medical conditions. While ammonia is a marker of dysfunction, elevated ammonia is itself a serious medical emergency and can lead to significant and permanent neurological impairment if not add... Read More about An electrochemical sensor device for measuring blood ammonia at the point of care.

A Printed and Microfabricated Sensor Device for the Sensitive Low Volume Measurement of Aqueous Ammonia (2016)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Brannelly, N. T., Brannelly, N., & Killard, A. (2017). A Printed and Microfabricated Sensor Device for the Sensitive Low Volume Measurement of Aqueous Ammonia. Electroanalysis, 29(1), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600556

© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim The measurement of low concentrations of ammonia in small sample volumes is required in biological, biomedical and environmental measurement applications. However, achieving this without instrumenta... Read More about A Printed and Microfabricated Sensor Device for the Sensitive Low Volume Measurement of Aqueous Ammonia.

Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of blood plasma clot formation in response to tissue factor concentration-dependent activation (2016)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Lakshmanan, R. S., Efremov, V., O’Donnell, J. S., & Killard, A. (2016). Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of blood plasma clot formation in response to tissue factor concentration-dependent activation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408(24), 6581-6588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9689-3

© 2016, The Author(s). The coagulation of blood plasma in response to activation with a range of tissue factor (TF) concentrations was studied with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), where frequency and half width at half maximum (bandwidth) values... Read More about Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of blood plasma clot formation in response to tissue factor concentration-dependent activation.

A fully integrated microfluidic device for point of care monitoring of antithrombotics (2016)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Harris, L. F., Rainey, P., Lindahl, T. L., & Killard, A. (2016). A fully integrated microfluidic device for point of care monitoring of antithrombotics. Analytical Methods, 8(35), 6500-6505. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay01566b

© 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. The simplicity and efficiency of point of care diagnostics have revolutionised patient care. Current methods for measuring hypercoagulability often require trained technicians, large blood volumes, and result in... Read More about A fully integrated microfluidic device for point of care monitoring of antithrombotics.

Measurement of total cholesterol using an enzyme sensor based on a printed hydrogen peroxide electrocatalyst (2016)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Ahmadraji, T., Ahmadraji, T., & Killard, A. (2016). Measurement of total cholesterol using an enzyme sensor based on a printed hydrogen peroxide electrocatalyst. Analytical Methods, 8(13), 2743-2749. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay00468g

© 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Cholesterol is a major modifiable risk factor in cardiovascular disease and can be effectively managed by a combination of medication and monitoring. There continues to be a need for new point-of-care diagnostic... Read More about Measurement of total cholesterol using an enzyme sensor based on a printed hydrogen peroxide electrocatalyst.

Cholesterol biosensor based on inkjet-printed Prussian blue nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes (2015)
Journal Article
Cinti, S., Arduini, F., Moscone, D., Palleschi, G., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2015). Cholesterol biosensor based on inkjet-printed Prussian blue nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 221, 187-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.054

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Abstract Here we describe the construction and optimization of a cholesterol biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with inkjet-printed Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs). The deposition of PBNPs using inkj... Read More about Cholesterol biosensor based on inkjet-printed Prussian blue nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes.

Development of a hydrogen peroxide sensor based on screen-printed electrodes modified with inkjet-printed prussian blue nanoparticles (2014)
Journal Article
Cinti, S., Arduini, F., Moscone, D., Palleschi, G., & Killard, A. (2014). Development of a hydrogen peroxide sensor based on screen-printed electrodes modified with inkjet-printed prussian blue nanoparticles. Sensors, 14(8), 14222-14234. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140814222

A sensor for the simple and sensitive measurement of hydrogen peroxide has been developed which is based on screen printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) deposited using piezoelectric inkjet printing. PBNP-modifie... Read More about Development of a hydrogen peroxide sensor based on screen-printed electrodes modified with inkjet-printed prussian blue nanoparticles.

A biosensor for the determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol employing combined surfactant-derived selectivity and sensitivity enhancements (2014)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Ahmadraji, T., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2014). A biosensor for the determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol employing combined surfactant-derived selectivity and sensitivity enhancements. Analytical Methods, 6(12), 3975-3981. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay42262c

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor in cardiovascular disease and devices suitable for its determination at the point of care are critical to the future management of hypercholesterolaemia. An electrochemical bios... Read More about A biosensor for the determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol employing combined surfactant-derived selectivity and sensitivity enhancements.

Modelling of blood component flexibility using quartz crystal microbalance (2014)
Journal Article
Efremov, V., Lakshmanan, R., Byrne, B., Cullen, S., & Killard, A. (2014). Modelling of blood component flexibility using quartz crystal microbalance. Journal of Biorheology, 28(1), 45-54

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a sensitive technique for real-time monitoring of cell adsorption, aggregation and cell-to-surface interaction processes. However, cell adhesion time courses are usually considered as merely qualitative, being pre... Read More about Modelling of blood component flexibility using quartz crystal microbalance.

Electrochemical impedance characterisation of tungsten trioxide-polyaniline nanocomposites for room temperature acetone sensing (2014)
Journal Article
Hicks, S. M., & Killard, A. (2014). Electrochemical impedance characterisation of tungsten trioxide-polyaniline nanocomposites for room temperature acetone sensing. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 194, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.047

Composites of WO3 nanoparticles and water-soluble polyaniline (PANI) particles doped with dodecyl benzenesulphonic acid at different mass ratios were deposited onto interdigitated electrodes and characterised using electrochemical impedance spectrosc... Read More about Electrochemical impedance characterisation of tungsten trioxide-polyaniline nanocomposites for room temperature acetone sensing.

Wholly printed polypyrrole nanoparticle-based biosensors on flexible substrate (2014)
Journal Article
Wallace, G. G., Killard, A. J., Innis, P. C., Weng, B., Morrin, A., Shepherd, R., …Wallace, G. (2014). Wholly printed polypyrrole nanoparticle-based biosensors on flexible substrate. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2(7), 793-799. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21378a

Printing has been widely used in the sensor industry for its speed, low cost and production scalability. In this work we present a wholly-printed polypyrrole (PPy) based biosensor produced by inkjet printing bioinks composed of dispersions of PPy nan... Read More about Wholly printed polypyrrole nanoparticle-based biosensors on flexible substrate.

Point of care monitoring of hemodialysis patients with a breath ammonia measurement device based on printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensors (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Hibbard, T., Crowley, K., Kelly, F., Ward, F., Holian, J., …Killard, A. (2013). Point of care monitoring of hemodialysis patients with a breath ammonia measurement device based on printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensors. Analytical Chemistry, 85(24), 12158-12165. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac403472d

A device for measuring human breath ammonia was developed based on a single use, disposable, inkjet printed ammonia sensor fabricated using polyaniline nanoparticles. The device was optimized for sampling ammonia in human breath samples by addressing... Read More about Point of care monitoring of hemodialysis patients with a breath ammonia measurement device based on printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensors.

A smart integrated biosensor system (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2013, November). A smart integrated biosensor system. Paper presented at Printed Electronics USA, Santa Clara, USA

Inkjet printing at the heart of sensors and diagnostics (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2013, November). Inkjet printing at the heart of sensors and diagnostics. Paper presented at Science of inkjet and printed drops, Institute of Physics, London

Measurement of the evolution of rigid and viscoelastic mass contributions from fibrin network formation during plasma coagulation using quartz crystal microbalance (2013)
Journal Article
Cullen, S. M., Lakshmanan, R. S., Efremov, V., & Killard, A. (2014). Measurement of the evolution of rigid and viscoelastic mass contributions from fibrin network formation during plasma coagulation using quartz crystal microbalance. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 192, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.081

The coagulation of blood plasma and the effect of fibrinogen concentration were studied with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), where frequency and half-width at half-maximum (bandwidth) values measured from the conductance spectrum near resonant f... Read More about Measurement of the evolution of rigid and viscoelastic mass contributions from fibrin network formation during plasma coagulation using quartz crystal microbalance.

Coagulation-monitoring devices at the point of care (2013)
Journal Article
Harris, L. F., Castro-López, V., & Killard, A. (2013). Coagulation-monitoring devices at the point of care. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 50, 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.009

With the advent of point-of-care (POC) testing, the working principle of traditional coagulometers was used as the foundation for the development of miniaturized devices. This review highlights recent progress in the development of POC coagulation-m... Read More about Coagulation-monitoring devices at the point of care.

SIMS: A smart integrated biosensor system (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Ritvonen, T., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Willert, A., Ylimaula, A., Donaghy, D., Tuurala, S., …Killard, A. (2013, September). SIMS: A smart integrated biosensor system. Paper presented at 7th Consertation and consultation meeting on micro-nano-biosystems, Cork, Ireland

SIMS: A smart integrated biosensor system (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Ritvonen, T., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Willert, A., Ylimaula, S., Donaghy, D., Tuurala, S., …Killard, A. (2013, September). SIMS: A smart integrated biosensor system. Paper presented at International Conference on Electroactive Polymers, Jeju, South Korea

The evolution of selective analyses of HDL and LDL cholesterol in clinical and point of care testing (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Ahmadraji, T., & Killard, A. (2013). The evolution of selective analyses of HDL and LDL cholesterol in clinical and point of care testing. Analytical Methods, 5(15), 3612-3625. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40715b

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and is caused by the build up of atherosclerotic plaques in the vasculature. It is now well established that the formation of these plaques is closely related to levels of both high density... Read More about The evolution of selective analyses of HDL and LDL cholesterol in clinical and point of care testing.

AmBeR: The ammonia breath monitoring device (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2013, July). AmBeR: The ammonia breath monitoring device. Paper presented at 56th Gas Analysis and Sensing Group Colloquium/NPL Measurement Network, Teddington, London

Award for revolutionary cholesterol testing device (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. (2013). Award for revolutionary cholesterol testing device

A team of European scientists led by UWE Bristol has won a prestigious international award for their research.

AmBeR: the breath ammonia monitoring device (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2013, June). AmBeR: the breath ammonia monitoring device. Paper presented at Breath 2013, Wallerfangen, Saarbrucken, Germany

Smart integrated biosensor system (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. (2013). Smart integrated biosensor system. International innovation : disseminating science, research and technology, 22, 30-32

Professor Tony Killard from the University of the West of England is leading a collaborative project to develop and implement smart integrated miniturised sensor systems.

Direct measurement of ammonia in simulated human breath using an inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensor (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Killard, A., Hibbard, T., & Crowley, K. (2013). Direct measurement of ammonia in simulated human breath using an inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensor. Analytica Chimica Acta, 779, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.051

A sensor fabricated from the inkjet-printed deposition of polyaniline nanoparticles onto a screen-printed silver interdigitated electrode was developed for the detection of ammonia in simulated human breath samples. Impedance analysis showed that exp... Read More about Direct measurement of ammonia in simulated human breath using an inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensor.

Application of a printed silver-based electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction to the determination of cholesterol (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2013, May). Application of a printed silver-based electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction to the determination of cholesterol. Presented at 3rd International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology 2013, Sitges, Spain

Many current clinical disorders such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease and cerebral thrombosis are associated with abnormal levels of cholesterol in blood. Therefore, the development of a reliable and simple method for choles... Read More about Application of a printed silver-based electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction to the determination of cholesterol.

Investigation of the patterning of lyotropic mixtures onto silver paste electrodes via ink jet printing and its effect on the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Piano, M., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2013, May). Investigation of the patterning of lyotropic mixtures onto silver paste electrodes via ink jet printing and its effect on the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide. Poster presented at 3rd International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology 2013, Sitges, Spain

Taking a breath for better health (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. (2013). Taking a breath for better health

What does your breath say about you? It might tell the world (or at least anyone at close quarters) that you didn’t brush your teeth this morning, or that you ate garlic last night. But there might also be other, subtle and important clues in there a... Read More about Taking a breath for better health.

Electrochemical detection of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana: A real-time marker of oxidative stress (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Hancock, J., Valero, E., Pérez-Prior, M. T., González-Macia, L., González-Sánchez, M. I., …Killard, A. (2013). Electrochemical detection of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana: A real-time marker of oxidative stress. Plant, Cell and Environment, 36(4), 869-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12023

An electrochemical approach to directly measure the dynamic process of H2O2 release from cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana cells is reported. This approach is based on H2O2 oxidation on a Pt electrode in conjunction with continuous measurement of samp... Read More about Electrochemical detection of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana: A real-time marker of oxidative stress.

The modelling of blood coagulation using the quartz crystal microbalance (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Efremov, V., Killard, A., Byrne, B., & Lakshmanan, R. S. (2013). The modelling of blood coagulation using the quartz crystal microbalance. Journal of Biomechanics, 46(3), 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.001

Blood is a clinically-important analytical matrix that is routinely selected for disease monitoring. Having a clear understanding of the mechanisms involved in blood coagulation is a key consideration in haemostasis, with modern clinical practices re... Read More about The modelling of blood coagulation using the quartz crystal microbalance.

A sensor probe for the continuous in situ monitoring of ammonia leakage in secondary refrigerant systems (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Subramanian, R., Crowley, K., Morrin, A., & Killard, A. (2013). A sensor probe for the continuous in situ monitoring of ammonia leakage in secondary refrigerant systems. Analytical Methods, 5(1), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ay25688f

Ammonia is becoming more widely used in refrigeration systems due to the phasing out of CFCs and HCFCs. However, ammonia is a toxic gas and its leakage from refrigeration systems can lead to human exposure and contamination of refrigerated food stuff... Read More about A sensor probe for the continuous in situ monitoring of ammonia leakage in secondary refrigerant systems.

Coagulation monitoring devices: Past, present, and future at the point of care (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., Harris, L. F., Harris, L. F., Castro-López, V., & Killard, A. (2013). Coagulation monitoring devices: Past, present, and future at the point of care. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 50, 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.009

Automated technologies have revolutionised the monitoring of coagulation disorders in the central hospital laboratory setting, allowing for high throughput testing, improved accuracy and precision, accompanied by a marked reduction in human error. Ho... Read More about Coagulation monitoring devices: Past, present, and future at the point of care.

A microfluidic anti-Factor Xa assay device for point of care monitoring of anticoagulation therapy (2013)
Journal Article
Killard, A. J., O'Donnell, J. S., Harris, L. F., Harris, L. F., Rainey, P., Castro-López, V., …Killard, A. (2013). A microfluidic anti-Factor Xa assay device for point of care monitoring of anticoagulation therapy. Analyst, 138(17), 4769-4776. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an00401e

The development of new point of care coagulation assay devices is necessary due to the increasing number of patients requiring long-term anticoagulation in addition to the desire for appropriate, targeted anticoagulant therapy and a more rapid respon... Read More about A microfluidic anti-Factor Xa assay device for point of care monitoring of anticoagulation therapy.

Evaluation of a silver-based electrocatalyst for the determination of hydrogen peroxide formed via enzymatic oxidation (2012)
Journal Article
Smyth, M. R., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2012). Evaluation of a silver-based electrocatalyst for the determination of hydrogen peroxide formed via enzymatic oxidation. Talanta, 99, 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.082

Silver paste electrodes modified with lyotropic phases formed from dodecyl benzenesulphonic acid and KCl were used as the reductant in the determination of the hydrogen peroxide released from the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase with glucose and... Read More about Evaluation of a silver-based electrocatalyst for the determination of hydrogen peroxide formed via enzymatic oxidation.

Investigation of the patterning of a lyotropic mixture onto silver paste electrodes via ink jet printing and its effect on the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Piano, M., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2012, September). Investigation of the patterning of a lyotropic mixture onto silver paste electrodes via ink jet printing and its effect on the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide. Poster presented at Electrochem 2012, Dublin, Ireland

Detection of hydrogen peroxide is widely used in a range of applications, from pharmaceutical to clinical and food industry, as well as environmental analysis. Peroxide is generated during many biological reactions and its concentration can be stoich... Read More about Investigation of the patterning of a lyotropic mixture onto silver paste electrodes via ink jet printing and its effect on the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide.

Development of a biosensor for HDL-cholesterol based on a novel electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide reduction (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Ahmadraji, T., Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2012, September). Development of a biosensor for HDL-cholesterol based on a novel electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide reduction. Poster presented at Electrochem 2012, Dublin, Ireland

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and transported in the blood in association with low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C). HDL-C is a modifiable risk for coronary heart disease. Its routine measurement is recommend... Read More about Development of a biosensor for HDL-cholesterol based on a novel electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide reduction.

Application of a printed electrocatalyst for H2O2 to the development of biosensors (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2012, September). Application of a printed electrocatalyst for H2O2 to the development of biosensors. Poster presented at Electrochem 2012, Dublin, Ireland

Many enzymatic reactions, e.g. the oxidation of glucose or cholesterol by glucose oxidase (GOx) or cholesterol oxidase (ChOx), respectively, in the presence of oxygen release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an end-product. Therefore, the determination of... Read More about Application of a printed electrocatalyst for H2O2 to the development of biosensors.

A system for the continuous generation of simulated human breath supplemented with trace gases (2012)
Journal Article
Hibbard, T., Shahbazian, Z., Crowley, K., & Killard, A. (2012). A system for the continuous generation of simulated human breath supplemented with trace gases. Analytical Methods, 4(7), 2172-2176. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ay25195g

A system was developed to simulate the relative humidity (RH) and temperature characteristics of human breath at a constant human volume flow rate. The system was also designed to allow supplementation of the artificial breath with known concentratio... Read More about A system for the continuous generation of simulated human breath supplemented with trace gases.

Short course on sensors (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2012, June). Short course on sensors. Presented at Large Area Organic and Prited Electronics 2012, Munich, Germany

This expert course on sensors will cover the fundamentals of sensor design and operation. all application contexts from physical sensing, through to chemical and biosensing will be addressed. Focus will also be on electrical/electrochemical methods a... Read More about Short course on sensors.

Printed electronic devices for diagnostic applications (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2012, June). Printed electronic devices for diagnostic applications. Presented at 14th International Conference on Electroanalysis, Portoroz, Slovenia

Electrochemical sensor strips were one of the first devices to become a global success in what might now be termed the printed electronics industry. Since their creation some 20 years ago, printed sensor strips are used extensively for a range of cli... Read More about Printed electronic devices for diagnostic applications.

Electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide in stressed plant cells (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Sanchez, M. I., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Pérez-Prior, M., Hancock, V. E., & Killard, A. (2012, June). Electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide in stressed plant cells. Poster presented at ANQUE'S International Congress of Chemical Engineering, Seville, Spain

Advanced diagnostic device technologies (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2012, May). Advanced diagnostic device technologies. Presented at Biomedical iNETs South West Diagnostic Technology Showcase, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down

SIMS: A Smart integrated miniaturised sensor system (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2012, May). SIMS: A Smart integrated miniaturised sensor system. Paper presented at 6th Concertation and consultation meeting on micro-nano-biosystems, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece

New developments in printed biosensors for clinical and diagnostic applications (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2012, April). New developments in printed biosensors for clinical and diagnostic applications. Paper presented at Advanced printing for medical and health applications (IOP Conference), Swansea, UK

Electrochemical sensor strips were one of the first devices to become a global success in what might now be termed the printed electronics industry. Since their creation some 20 years ago, printed sensor strips are used extensively for a range of cli... Read More about New developments in printed biosensors for clinical and diagnostic applications.

A Printed Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction (2012)
Journal Article
Gonzalez-Macia, L., Smyth, M. R., & Killard, A. (2012). A Printed Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction. Electroanalysis, 24(3), 609-614. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100444

The modification of silver screen-printed electrodes with a dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid and KCl solution was performed by inkjet printing. Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to characterize the electrode surfaces. Electrochemical reduction o... Read More about A Printed Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction.

Heparin monitoring: From blood tube to microfluidic device (2012)
Book Chapter
Harris, L. F., & Killard, A. (2012). Heparin monitoring: From blood tube to microfluidic device. In D. E. Piyathilake, & R. Liang (Eds.), Heparin, properties, uses and side effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers

Heparin anticoagulant therapy has been pivotal in both the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombotic disease for many decades. It remains standard practice to monitor unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy due to its unpredictable pharmacokinetics. The a... Read More about Heparin monitoring: From blood tube to microfluidic device.

Effects of four commercially available factor Xa proteins on the fluorogenic anti-factor Xa assay when monitoring unfractionated heparin (2012)
Journal Article
Harris, L. F., Castro-López, V., Murray, B., O'Donnell, J., & Killard, A. (2012). Effects of four commercially available factor Xa proteins on the fluorogenic anti-factor Xa assay when monitoring unfractionated heparin. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 23(1), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834ddf4d

Four commercially available factor Xa (FXa) reagents were evaluated in a fluorogenic anti-FXa assay. The four reagents - of which three were of human origin and the fourth was bovine - were compared in terms of the resulting assay dynamic ranges, lag... Read More about Effects of four commercially available factor Xa proteins on the fluorogenic anti-factor Xa assay when monitoring unfractionated heparin.

Quantification of unfractionated heparin in human plasma and whole blood by means of novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assays (2011)
Journal Article
O'Donnell, J. S., Harris, L. F., Castro-López, V., & Killard, A. (2011). Quantification of unfractionated heparin in human plasma and whole blood by means of novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assays. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 56(5), 992-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.025

Novel and sensitive plate-based fluorogenic anti-factor Xa (FXa) assays were investigated to quantify unfractionated heparin (UFH) in human plasma and whole blood within the therapeutic ranges of 0-1.6. U/mL and 0-0.8. U/mL, respectively. Two fluorog... Read More about Quantification of unfractionated heparin in human plasma and whole blood by means of novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assays.

Comparison of the anticoagulant response of a novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with two commercial anti-FXa chromogenic assays (2011)
Journal Article
O'Donnell, J. S., Harris, L. F., O'Brien, A., Castro-López, V., & Killard, A. (2011). Comparison of the anticoagulant response of a novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with two commercial anti-FXa chromogenic assays. Thrombosis Research, 128(6), 166-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2011.08.002

Introduction: Fast and accurate monitoring is crucial in the successful regulation of coagulation therapy. For the treatment of venous thromboembolism, both unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are commonly administe... Read More about Comparison of the anticoagulant response of a novel fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with two commercial anti-FXa chromogenic assays.

Comparison of a fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with a central laboratory chromogenic anti-FXa assay for measuring LMWH activity in patient plasmas (2011)
Journal Article
O'Donnell, J. S., Harris, L. F., Castro-López, V., Jenkins, P. V., & Killard, A. (2011). Comparison of a fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with a central laboratory chromogenic anti-FXa assay for measuring LMWH activity in patient plasmas. Thrombosis Research, 128(6), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.011

Introduction: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are used worldwide for the treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders. Routine laboratory tests are not required due to the predictable pharmacokinetics of LMWHs, with the exception of pr... Read More about Comparison of a fluorogenic anti-FXa assay with a central laboratory chromogenic anti-FXa assay for measuring LMWH activity in patient plasmas.

New developments in printable biosensors (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2011, October). New developments in printable biosensors. Presented at Printed Electronics Exploitation Programme: Innovative applications enabled by printable electronics, Institute of Materials, Mining and Minerals, London, UK

Electrochemical sensing devices: From printed materials to printed integration (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2011, October). Electrochemical sensing devices: From printed materials to printed integration. Presented at 2nd International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

In an analogy with silicon-based electronics, novel sensing and biosensing technologies must keep pace with the demands of increased sophistication, greater functionality, improved performance, and greater intelligence while still being low cost and... Read More about Electrochemical sensing devices: From printed materials to printed integration.

Printed polyaniline-modified interdigitated electrodes for detection and quantification of ammonia in breath (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Hibbard, T., Crowley, K., Smyth, M., & Killard, A. (2011, October). Printed polyaniline-modified interdigitated electrodes for detection and quantification of ammonia in breath. Poster presented at 2nd International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

A range of pathological conditions can lead to elevated blood ammonia and urea nitrogen levels. These include kidney and liver dysfunction and urea cycle defects. These conditions result in severe reduction in quality and quantity of life. Blood nitr... Read More about Printed polyaniline-modified interdigitated electrodes for detection and quantification of ammonia in breath.

Wholly printed polypyrrole-based biosensor on flexible substrate (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Weng, B., Morrin, A., Shephard, R., Crowley, K., Killard, A., & Wallace, G. (2011, September). Wholly printed polypyrrole-based biosensor on flexible substrate. Poster presented at PFM2 Printed Functional Materials 2011, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

A printed electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Macia, L., Smyth, M., & Killard, A. (2011, September). A printed electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction. Poster presented at PFM2 Printed Functional Materials 2011, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Opportunities for sensors in printed electronics (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2011, September). Opportunities for sensors in printed electronics. Presented at Organic Electronics association 24th Working Group Meeting, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Opportunities for sensors in printed electronics (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2011, September). Opportunities for sensors in printed electronics. Presented at PFM2 Printed Functional Materials 2011, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Electrochemical sensor strips were one of the first devices to become a global success in what might now be termed the printed electronics industry. Since their creation some 20 years ago, printed sensor strips are used extensively for a range of cli... Read More about Opportunities for sensors in printed electronics.

Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide at surfactant/salt modified electrodes (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Gonzalez-Macia, L., & Killard, A. (2011, September). Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide at surfactant/salt modified electrodes. Poster presented at Electrochem 2011, Bath, United Kingdom

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in many biological systems and industrial processes in the textile, food, pharmaceutical and clinical sectors. The importance of hydrogen peroxide is related to its unique oxidising properties as well as decomp... Read More about Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide at surfactant/salt modified electrodes.

Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy (2011)
Journal Article
Hibbard, T., & Killard, A. (2011). Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy. Journal of Breath Research, 5(3), https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037101

Photoacoustic laser spectroscopy was used as a technique to measure real-time levels of ammonia in exhaled human breath in a small, locally recruited, normal healthy population (n = 30). This yielded an average level of breath ammonia of 265 ppb, ran... Read More about Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy.

Chronocoulometric determination of urea in human serum using an inkjet printed biosensor (2011)
Journal Article
Smyth, M. R., Suman, S., O'Reilly, E., Kelly, M., Morrin, A., & Killard, A. (2011). Chronocoulometric determination of urea in human serum using an inkjet printed biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta, 697(1-2), 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.036

A biosensor for the determination of urea in human serum was fabricated using a combination of inkjet printed polyaniline nanoparticles and inkjet printed urease enzyme deposited sequentially onto screen-printed carbon paste electrodes. Chronocoulome... Read More about Chronocoulometric determination of urea in human serum using an inkjet printed biosensor.

Evaluation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reagents for application in biomedical diagnostic device development (2011)
Journal Article
Dudek, M., Harris, L., & Killard, A. (2011). Evaluation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reagents for application in biomedical diagnostic device development. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 33(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553X.2010.01283.x

Introduction: The most commonly used test for monitoring heparin therapy is the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The response of available aPTT reagents to heparin varies significantly. The aim of this study was to highlight the differen... Read More about Evaluation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reagents for application in biomedical diagnostic device development.

Electrochemical sensors: From probes to integrated smart systems (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Killard, A. (2011, May). Electrochemical sensors: From probes to integrated smart systems. Presented at Eirelec '11: Electrochemistry - The Future?, Adare, Co. Limerick, Ireland

The emergence of the field of electroanalytical chemistry has transformed measurement science. Early application of electrochemical probes for simple ionic species has given way to more sophisticated measurements involving further chemo-selective and... Read More about Electrochemical sensors: From probes to integrated smart systems.

Development of a fluorescent method for detecting the onset of coagulation in human plasma on microstructured lateral flow platforms (2011)
Journal Article
Kent, N. J., Dudek, M. M., Gu, P., Fan, Z. H., & Killard, A. (2011). Development of a fluorescent method for detecting the onset of coagulation in human plasma on microstructured lateral flow platforms. Analyst, 136(9), 1816-1825. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00907e

Microfluidic devices and microsystems have been used to develop blood coagulation monitoring devices for point of care diagnostic use. However, many of them suffer from inherent variability and imprecision, partly due to the fact that they only detec... Read More about Development of a fluorescent method for detecting the onset of coagulation in human plasma on microstructured lateral flow platforms.

Inkjet printable polyaniline-gold dispersions (2011)
Journal Article
Smyth, M. R., Lenhart, N., Crowley, K., Killard, A., & Morrin, A. (2011). Inkjet printable polyaniline-gold dispersions. Thin Solid Films, 519(13), 4351-4356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.02.045

Inkjet printable polyaniline-gold (PANI-Au) hybrid dispersions were synthesised using gold salt as oxidant to simultaneously induce chemical oxidative polymerisation of aniline and reduction of HAuCl4 in bulk aqueous solution. By varying the amount o... Read More about Inkjet printable polyaniline-gold dispersions.

Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on silver paste electrodes modified with surfactant and salt (2011)
Journal Article
Smyth, M. R., Gonzalez-Macia, L., Morrin, A., & Killard, A. (2011). Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on silver paste electrodes modified with surfactant and salt. Electrochimica Acta, 56(11), 4146-4153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.108

The modification of silver paste electrodes with a combination of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and KCl has been shown to lead to significant enhancements of the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic enhancement was shown to be... Read More about Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on silver paste electrodes modified with surfactant and salt.

Breath ammonia analysis: Clinical application and measurement (2011)
Journal Article
Hibbard, T., & Killard, A. (2011). Breath ammonia analysis: Clinical application and measurement. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 41(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2011.521729

This review covers in detail the complexity of human breath, how the body metabolizes ammonia, clinical conditions which are directly related to the regulation of ammonia concentration, and analysis of current techniques that are capable of detecting... Read More about Breath ammonia analysis: Clinical application and measurement.

Fluorescence-based blood coagulation assay device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (2011)
Journal Article
Lindahl, T. L., Gustafsson, K. M., Dudek, M. M., Kent, N., Tomas, L., & Killard, A. (2011). Fluorescence-based blood coagulation assay device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time. Analytical Chemistry, 83(1), 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102436v

The measurement of blood clotting time is important in a range of clinical applications such as assessing coagulation disorders and controlling the effect of various anticoagulant drug therapies. Clotting time tests essentially measure the onset of c... Read More about Fluorescence-based blood coagulation assay device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time.

Fluorescence-based blood coagulation device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (2011)
Journal Article
Dudek, M., Kent, N., Gustafsson, K., Lindahl, T., & Killard, A. (2011). Fluorescence-based blood coagulation device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time. Analytical Chemistry, 83(1), 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102436v

The measurement of blood clotting time is important in a range of clinical applications such as assessing coagulation disorders and controlling the effect of various anticoagulant drug therapies. Clotting time tests essentially measure the onset of c... Read More about Fluorescence-based blood coagulation device for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time.

Development of a point of care lateral flow device for measuring human plasma fibrinogen (2010)
Journal Article
Dudek, M. M., Lindahl, T. L., & Killard, A. (2010). Development of a point of care lateral flow device for measuring human plasma fibrinogen. Analytical Chemistry, 82(5), 2029-2035. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac902763a

Fibrinogen is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor and is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke. Normal reference levels are approximately 2 to 4 g/L. Elevated levels are associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular... Read More about Development of a point of care lateral flow device for measuring human plasma fibrinogen.

The application of conducting polymer nanoparticle electrodes to the sensing of ascorbic acid (2008)
Journal Article
Ambrosi, A., Morrin, A., Smythe, M. R., & Killard, A. (2008). The application of conducting polymer nanoparticle electrodes to the sensing of ascorbic acid. Analytica Chimica Acta, 609(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.017

An ascorbic acid sensor was fabricated via the drop-casting of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline nanoparticles onto a screen-printed carbon-paste electrode. The modified electrode was characterised with respect to the numbers of... Read More about The application of conducting polymer nanoparticle electrodes to the sensing of ascorbic acid.