Computers from plants (2018)
Book Chapter
Adamatzky, A. (2018). Computers from plants. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Inspired by Nature. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67997-6_17

Plants are highly intelligent organisms. They continuously make distributed processing of sensory information, concurrent decision making and parallel actuation. The plants are efficient green computers per se. Outside in nature, the plants are progr... Read More about Computers from plants.

Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould (2018)
Book Chapter
Adamatzky, A. (2018). Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Inspired by nature. Springer

Slime mould of Physarum polycephalum is a large cell exhibiting rich spatial non-linear electrical characteristics. We exploit the electrical properties of the slime mould to implement logic gates using a flexible hardware platform designed for inves... Read More about Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould.

Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles (2018)
Journal Article
Draper, T., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 10867 LNCS, 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92435-9_5

© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. Here we demonstrate the first working example of a liquid marble-operated sequential binary counting device. We have designed a lightweight gate that can be actuated by the low ma... Read More about Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles.

Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing (2017)
Journal Article
Draper, T., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing. Materials Today, 20(10), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.09.004

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Liquid marbles are microliter droplets of liquid, encapsulated by self-organized hydrophobic particles at the liquid/air interface. They offer an efficient approach for manipulating liquid droplets and compartmentalizing reactions... Read More about Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing.

Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177528

© 2017 Tsompanas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are... Read More about Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Phillips, N., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2017). Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell. BioSystems, 156-157, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.003

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A cellular non-linear network (CNN) is a uniform regular array of locally connected continuous-state machines, or nodes, which update their states simultaneously in discrete time. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electro-chemica... Read More about Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell.

On plant roots logical gates (2017)
Journal Article
Mancuso, S., Baluška, F., Martínez, G. J., Sirakoulis, G. C., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). On plant roots logical gates. BioSystems, 156-157, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.002

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Theoretical constructs of logical gates implemented with plant roots are morphological computing asynchronous devices. Values of Boolean variables are represented by plant roots. A presence of a plant root at a given site symboli... Read More about On plant roots logical gates.

Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays (2017)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G., Mayne, R., Wheway, G., Melhuish, C., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays. BioSystems, 156-157, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.001

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Motile cilia are cell-surface organelles whose purposes, in ciliated protists and certain ciliated metazoan epithelia, include generating fluid flow, sensing and substance uptake. Certain properties of cilia arrays, such as beati... Read More about Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays.

Structural machines and slime mould computation (2017)
Journal Article
Burgin, M., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Structural machines and slime mould computation. International Journal of General Systems, 46(3), 201-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2017.1300585

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. A Physarum machine is a programmable amorphous biological computer experimentally implemented in the vegetative state of true slime mould Physarum polycephalum. It comprises an amorphous... Read More about Structural machines and slime mould computation.

Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model (2017)
Journal Article
Jones, J., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 32(2), 166-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2015.1044005

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is known to construct protoplasmic transport networks which approximate proximity graphs by foraging for nutrients during its plasmodial life cycle stage. In these networks, nodes are r... Read More about Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model.

Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium (2017)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2017). Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 27(3), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127417500419

© 2017 World Scientific Publishing Company. A thin-layer Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium is a powerful computing device capable for implementing logical circuits, memory, image processors, robot controllers, and neuromorphic architectures. We design... Read More about Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium.

What if houses were powered by milk? (2017)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Adamatzky, A., & Mayne, R. (2017). What if houses were powered by milk?. BioSystems, 153-154, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.01.002

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Living architectures and green energy are hot topics of the applied sciences. They aim to develop buildings that co-live with their environment and co-habit with people they house. An ultimate goal would be to make every block in... Read More about What if houses were powered by milk?.

On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2016). On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity. Complex Systems -Champaign-, 25(3),

Likely outcomes of a collision between two objects are annihilation, reflection or fusion. We show how to construct a one-bit adder with pattern that fuse on impact. A fusion gate has two inputs and three outputs. When a signal is generated on a si... Read More about On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity.

On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2016). On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium. PLoS ONE, 11(12), Article e0168267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168267

Flueric devices are fluidic devices without moving parts. Fluidic devices use fluid as a medium for information transfer and computation. A Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium is a thin-layer spatially extended excitable chemical medium which exhibits t... Read More about On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium.

Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. I., Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A. I., Tsompanas, M., Sirakoulis, G., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study. Natural Computing, 15(2), 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-014-9459-0

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Physarum polycephalum has repeatedly, during the last decade, demonstrated that has unexpected computing abilities. While the plasmodium of P. polycephalum can effectively solve several geographical... Read More about Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study.

Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatkzy, A., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling. Natural Computing, 18(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-016-9559-0

© 2016, The Author(s). Actin is a cytoskeletal protein which forms dense, highly interconnected networks within eukaryotic cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that actin-mediated intra- and extracellular signalling is instrumental in facilitat... Read More about Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling.

Practical circuits with Physarum Wires (2016)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., Mayne, R., Moody, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Practical circuits with Physarum Wires. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 6(2), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-016-0212-8

© 2016, Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering and Springer. Purpose: Protoplasmic tubes of Physarum polycephalum, also know as Physarum Wires (PW), have been previously suggested as novel bio-electronic components. Until recently, prac... Read More about Practical circuits with Physarum Wires.

On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures (2016)
Journal Article
Gizzie, N., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures. Organic Electronics, 32, 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.02.033

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Physarum polycephalum is a model organism used in the creation of hybrid artificial-biological devices. Among its demonstrated uses in biocomputing it is able to grow self healing 'wires' which can be used to... Read More about On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures.

On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould (2016)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Horsfield, I., Mayne, R., Ieropoulos, I. A., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould. Scientific Reports, 6(23924), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23924

Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by the unaided eye. Let the slime mould span two electrodes with a single protoplasmic tube: if the tube is heated to approximately ≈40 °C, the electrical resistance of the protoplasmic tube... Read More about On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould.

The Internet of Things: a security point of view (2016)
Journal Article
Li, S., Tryfonas, T., & Li, H. (2016). The Internet of Things: a security point of view. Internet Research, 26(2), 337-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2014-0173

© 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth overview of the security requirements and challenges for Internet of Things (IoT) and discuss security solutions for various enabling technologi... Read More about The Internet of Things: a security point of view.