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Co-evolving functions in genetic programming: Dynamic ADF creation using GLiB (1998)
Book Chapter
Ahluwalia, M., & Bull, L. (1998). Co-evolving functions in genetic programming: Dynamic ADF creation using GLiB. In W. V. Porto, N. Saravanan, D. E. Waagen, & A. Eiben (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Evolutionary Programming VII (809-818). London: Springer-Verlag

Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Operators (1998)
Conference Proceeding
Bull, L. (1998). Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Operators. In V. W. Porto, N. Saravanan, D. Waagen, & A. E. Eiben (Eds.), In EP 1998: Evolutionary Programming VII. , (43-52). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0040758

This paper examines a key aspect of applying evolutionary computing techniques to multi-agent systems: a comparison in the performance of the genetic operators of mutation and recombination. Using the tuneable NKC model of multi-agent evolution it is... Read More about Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Operators.

On ZCS in multi-agent environments (1998)
Conference Proceeding
Bull, L. (1998). On ZCS in multi-agent environments. In A. Eiben, T. Bäck, M. Schoenauer, & H. Schwefel (Eds.), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN V. , (471-480). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0056889

This paper examines the performance of the ZCS Michigan-style classifier system in multi-agent environments. Using an abstract multi-agent model the effects of varying aspects of the performance, reinforcement and discovery components are examined. I... Read More about On ZCS in multi-agent environments.

A corporate classifier system (1998)
Conference Proceeding
Tomlinson, A., & Bull, L. (1998). A corporate classifier system. In A. E. Eiben, T. Bäck, M. Schoenauer, & H. Schwefel (Eds.), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN V. , (550-559). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0056897

Based on the proposals of Wilson and Goldberg we introduce a macro-level evolutionary operator which creates structural links between rules in the ZCS model and thus forms "corporations" of rules within the classifier system population. Rule co-depen... Read More about A corporate classifier system.

On the evolution of Eukaryotes (1997)
Presentation / Conference
Bull, L. (1997, October). On the evolution of Eukaryotes. Paper presented at Mathematical and computational biology: Computational morphogenesis, hierarchical complexity, and digital evolution: an international workshop, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Japan

Horizontal gene transfer in endosymbiosis (1997)
Book Chapter
Bull, L., & Fogarty, T. (1997). Horizontal gene transfer in endosymbiosis. In L. Bull (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International workshop on Artificial Life: Synthesis and simulation of living systems (77-84). Bradford book

On the evolution of multicellularity (1997)
Book Chapter
Bull, L. (1997). On the evolution of multicellularity. In P. Husbands, & I. Harvey (Eds.), Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life [ECAL '97] (190-196). London: Cambridge

Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Speciation and symbiogenesis (1996)
Journal Article
Bull, L., Bull, L., & Fogarty, T. C. (1996). Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Speciation and symbiogenesis. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 1141, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61723-X_965

© 1996, Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved. In this paper we introduce two macro-level operators to enhance the use of population-based evolutionary computing techniques in multiagent environments: speciation and symbiogenesis. We describe their us... Read More about Evolutionary computing in multi-agent environments: Speciation and symbiogenesis.

Novel composite organic-inorganic semiconductor sensors for the quantitative detection of target organic vapours (1996)
Journal Article
Honeybourne, C. L., Ewen, R. J., De Lacy Costello, B. P., de Lacy Costello, B., Evans, P., Ewen, R., …Ratcliffe, N. M. (1996). Novel composite organic-inorganic semiconductor sensors for the quantitative detection of target organic vapours. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 6(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1039/JM9960600289

Composites of tin dioxide (an n-type semiconductor) and derivatives of the conducting polymer polypyrrole (a p-type semiconductor) gave reversible changes in electrical resistance at room temperature when exposed to a range of organic vapours. The op... Read More about Novel composite organic-inorganic semiconductor sensors for the quantitative detection of target organic vapours.

Optimising individual control rules and multiple communicating rule-based control systems with parallel distributed genetic algorithms (1995)
Journal Article
Fogarty, T. C., & Bull, L. (1995). Optimising individual control rules and multiple communicating rule-based control systems with parallel distributed genetic algorithms. IEE Proceedings Control Theory and Applications, 142(3), 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-cta%3A19951864

Genetic algorithms can be used to optimise either individual process-control rules or complete rule-based controllers. The paper describes the optimisation of individual rules to control combustion in multiple burner installations. To solve more comp... Read More about Optimising individual control rules and multiple communicating rule-based control systems with parallel distributed genetic algorithms.

Artificial endosymbiosis (1995)
Journal Article
Pipe, A. G., Bull, L., Bull, L., Fogarty, T. C., & Pipe, A. G. (1995). Artificial endosymbiosis. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 929, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59496-5_305

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995. Symbiosis is the phenomenon in which organisms of different species live together in close association, resulting in a raised level of fitness for one or more of the organisms. Endosymbiosis is the name given... Read More about Artificial endosymbiosis.

Parallel evolution of communicating classifier systems (1994)
Presentation / Conference
Bull, L., & Fogarty, T. C. (1994, June). Parallel evolution of communicating classifier systems. Paper presented at Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1994. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence