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Phase clustering in globally coupled photochemical oscillators (2008)
Journal Article
Taylor, A. F., Kapetanopoulos, P., Whitaker, B. J., Toth, R., Bull, L., & Tinsley, M. R. (2008). Phase clustering in globally coupled photochemical oscillators. European Physical Journal - Special Topics, 165(1), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2008-00857-9

We experimentally investigate the formation of clusters in a population of globally coupled photochemical oscillators. The system consists of catalytic micro-particles in Belousov-Zhabotinsky solution and the coupling exploits the excitatory properti... Read More about Phase clustering in globally coupled photochemical oscillators.

Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm (2008)
Journal Article
Toth, R., Stone, C., Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2008). Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm. Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(18), 184708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2932252

We propose that the behavior of nonlinear media can be controlled dynamically through coevolutionary systems. In this study, a light-sensitive subexcitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction is controlled using a heterogeneous cellular automaton. A checke... Read More about Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm.

Learning classifier systems in data mining: An introduction (2008)
Journal Article
Bernadó-Mansilla, E., Bull, L., & Holmes, J. (2008). Learning classifier systems in data mining: An introduction. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 125, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78979-6_1

This chapter provides an introduction to Learning Classifier Systems before reviewing a number of historical uses in data mining. An overview of the rest of the volume is then presented. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Foreign exchange trading using a learning classifier system (2008)
Journal Article
Stone, C., & Bull, L. (2008). Foreign exchange trading using a learning classifier system. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 125, 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78979-6_8

We apply a simple Learning Classifier System to a foreign exchange trading problem. The performance of the Learning Classifier System is compared to that of a Genetic Programming approach from the literature. The simple Learning Classifier System is... Read More about Foreign exchange trading using a learning classifier system.

On the effect of long-term electrical stimulation on three-dimensional cell cultures: Hen embryo brain spheroids (2008)
Journal Article
Uroukov, I. S., & Bull, L. (2008). On the effect of long-term electrical stimulation on three-dimensional cell cultures: Hen embryo brain spheroids. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2147/mder.s3245

A comprehensive dataset of multielectrode array recordings was collected from three-dimensional hen embryo brain cell cultures, termed spheroids, under long-term electrical stimulation. The aim is to understand the ongoing changes in the spiking acti... Read More about On the effect of long-term electrical stimulation on three-dimensional cell cultures: Hen embryo brain spheroids.

Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata (2008)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Bull, L., Collet, P., & Sapin, E. (2008). Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19(04), 557-567. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183108012376

We consider hexagonal cellular automata with immediate cell neighbourhood and three cell-states. Every cell calculates its next state depending on the integral representation of states in its neighbourhood, i.e., how many neighbours are in each one s... Read More about Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata.

Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system (2008)
Journal Article
Bull, L., Budd, A., Stone, C., Uroukov, I., Costello, B. D. L., & Adamatzky, A. (2008). Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system. Artificial Life, 14(2), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.2.203

We propose that the behavior of nonlinear media can be controlled automatically through evolutionary learning. By extension, forms of unconventional computing (viz., massively parallel nonlinear computers) can be realized by such an approach. In this... Read More about Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system.

Random number generation by cellular automata with memory (2008)
Journal Article
Alonso-Sanz, R., & Bull, L. (2008). Random number generation by cellular automata with memory. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19(02), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1142/S012918310801211X

This paper considers an extension to the standard framework of cellular automata which implements memory capabilities by featuring cells by elementary rules of its last three states. A study is made of the potential value of elementary cellular autom... Read More about Random number generation by cellular automata with memory.

Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers (2008)
Journal Article
Budd, A., Stone, C., Masere, J., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2008). Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers. International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 4(1), 13-22

The behaviour of pulses of Belousov-Zhabotinski (BZ) reaction diffusion waves can be controlled automatically through machine learning. By extension, a form of chemical network computing, i.e., a massively parallel non-linear Computer, can be realise... Read More about Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers.

Towards neuronal computing: simple creation of two logic functions in 3D cell cultures using multi-electrode arrays (2008)
Journal Article
Bull, L., & Uroukov, I. (2008). Towards neuronal computing: simple creation of two logic functions in 3D cell cultures using multi-electrode arrays. International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 4(2), 143-154

In this paper we begin by reviewing a number of previously presented approaches to control the electrical stimulation of in vitro neuronal networks for computation through the use of multi-electrode array technology. Drawing upon this research we des... Read More about Towards neuronal computing: simple creation of two logic functions in 3D cell cultures using multi-electrode arrays.

Boolean networks with memory (2008)
Journal Article
Alonso-Sanz, R., & Bull, L. (2008). Boolean networks with memory. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 18(12), 3799-3814. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127408022755

In standard Boolean Networks (BN) the new state of a cell depends upon the neighborhood configuration only at the preceding time step. The effect of implementing memory of different types in cells of BN with different degrees of random rewiring is st... Read More about Boolean networks with memory.