Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Knoop, O., Lewis, D., Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., …Knoop, O. (2013). Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(3), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.117

This study builds on the previous work of urine utilisation and uses small-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs), working both as individual units in cascade or collectively as a stack, to utilise artificial urine. Artificial urine was prepared at concen... Read More about Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells.

Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells (2012)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2012). Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 110, 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.095

Seven miniature microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were hydraulically linked in sequence and operated in continuous-flow (cascade). Power output and treatment efficiency were investigated using varying organic loads, flow-rates and electrical configurations... Read More about Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells.

Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future (2012)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2012). Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14(1), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp23213d

This communication reports for the first time the direct utilisation of urine in MFCs for the production of electricity. Different conversion efficiencies were recorded, depending on the amount treated. Elements such as N, P, K can be locked into new... Read More about Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future.

Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis (2012)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2012). Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis. ChemSusChem, 5(6), 1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200283

The development of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has seen an enormous growth over the last hundred years since its inception by Potter in 1911. The technology has reached a level of maturity that it is now considered to be a field in its o... Read More about Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis.

Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells (2011)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Dennis, J. (2011). Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 34(4), 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-010-0491-x

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can 'treat' wastewater but individually are thermodynamically restricted. Scale-up might, therefore, require a plurality of units operating in a stack which could introduce losses simply through fluidic connections. Experi... Read More about Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells.

The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells (2011)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Dennis, J. (2011). The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 81(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.01.001

A method for assessing the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is the polarisation sweep where different external resistances are applied at set intervals (sample rates). The resulting power curves often exhibit an overshoot where both power a... Read More about The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells.

Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Winfield, J., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2010). Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output. ECS Transactions, 28(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3492221

The present study, reports on the findings of connecting 2 stacks of 48 MFCs and the importance of maturity and acclimation for the anodic biofilms. Furthermore, an attempt is made to emphasize the importance of a universal unit for quantifying power... Read More about Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output.

EcoBot-III: A robot with guts (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2010). EcoBot-III: A robot with guts. In H. Fellermann, M. Dörr, M. M. Hanczyc, L. L. Laursen, S. Maurer, D. Merkle, …S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life XII: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, ALIFE 2010. , (733-740)

This paper describes the work carried out to develop EcoBot- III, which is a robot with an artificial digestion system. The robot is powered by Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and it is designed to collect food and water from the environment, digest the... Read More about EcoBot-III: A robot with guts.

Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Winfield, J., & Greenman, J. (2010). Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 101(10), 3520-3525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.108

To process large volumes of wastewater, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) would require anodophilic bacteria preferably operating at high flow-rates. The effect of flow-rate on different microbial consortia was examined during anodic biofilm development, u... Read More about Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells.

Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2010). Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 78(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.05.009

This study reports on the findings from the investigation into small-scale (6.25mL) MFCs, connected together as a network of multiple units. The MFCs contained unmodified (no catalyst) carbon fibre electrodes and for initial and later experiments, a... Read More about Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells.

Artificial life models in hardware (2009)
Book
Komosinski, M., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). A. Adamatzky, & M. Komosinski (Eds.), Artificial life models in hardware. London: Spinger-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-530-7

Hopping, climbing and swimming robots, nano-size neural networks, motorless walkers, slime mould and chemical brains - 'Artificial Life Models in Hardware' offers unique designs and prototypes of life-like creatures in conventional hardware and hybri... Read More about Artificial life models in hardware.

Peripherals of BES from processing current to data transmission (2009)
Book Chapter
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). Peripherals of BES from processing current to data transmission. In K. Rabaey, L. Angenent, U. Schroder, & J. Keller (Eds.), Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Extracellular Electron Transfer to Biotechnological Applications. London: IWA Publishing

Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality (2009)
Journal Article
Gálvez, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2009). Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality. Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 5085-5091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.061

Three Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) were fluidically connected in series, with a single feed-line going into the 1st column through the 2nd column and finally as a single outflow coming from the 3rd column. Provision was also made for re-circulation in... Read More about Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality.

Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE) (2008)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Melhuish, C. (2008). Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE). International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 4(1), 23-32

This paper presents a theoretical approach to biological computing, using biofilm electrodes by illustrating a simplified Pavlovian learning model. The theory behind this approach was based on empirical data produced from a prototype version of these... Read More about Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE).

Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability (2008)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2008). Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability. International Journal of Energy Research, 32(13), 1228-1240. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1419

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three different sizes of microbial fuel cell (MFC) when operated under continuous flow conditions using acetate as the fuel substrate and show how small-scale multiple units may be best configur... Read More about Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability.

Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought (2006)
Journal Article
Melhuish, C., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Horsfield, I. (2006). Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought. Autonomous Robots, 21(3), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-6574-5

This paper reports on the robot EcoBot-II, which is designed to power itself solely by converting unrefined insect biomass into useful energy using on-board microbial fuel cells with oxygen cathodes. In bench experiments different 'fuels' (sugar, fru... Read More about Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought.

EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism (2005)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Melhuish, C., Greenman, J., & Horsfield, I. (2005). EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 2(4), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.5772/5777

In this paper we report the development of the robot EcoBot-II, which exhibits a primitive form of artificial symbiosis. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) were used as the onboard energy supply, which consisted of bacterial cultures from sewage sludge and... Read More about EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism.