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Proto–neural networks from thermal proteins (2024)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2024). Proto–neural networks from thermal proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 709, Article 149725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149725

Proteinoids are synthetic polymers that have structural similarities to natural proteins, and their formation is achieved through the application of heat to amino acid combinations in a dehydrated environment. The thermal proteins, initially synthesi... Read More about Proto–neural networks from thermal proteins.

Proto-neurons from abiotic polypeptides (2024)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2024). Proto-neurons from abiotic polypeptides. Encyclopedia, 4(1), 512-543. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4010034

To understand the origins of life, we must first gain a grasp of the unresolved emergence of the first informational polymers and cell-like assemblies that developed into living systems. Heating amino acid mixtures to their boiling point produces the... Read More about Proto-neurons from abiotic polypeptides.

On interaction of proteinoids with simulated neural networks (2024)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2024). On interaction of proteinoids with simulated neural networks. BioSystems, 237, Article 105175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105175

Proteinoid-neuron networks combine biological neurons with spiking proteinoid microspheres, which are generated by thermal condensation of amino acids. Complex and dynamic spiking patterns in response to varied stimuli make these networks suitable fo... Read More about On interaction of proteinoids with simulated neural networks.

Electrical spiking activity of proteinoids-ZnO colloids (2024)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., Raeisi Kheirabadi, N., Cholerio, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2024). Electrical spiking activity of proteinoids-ZnO colloids. Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, 4(1), Article 014007. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ad2afb

We are studying the remarkable electrical properties of Proteinoids-ZnO microspheres with the aim of exploring their potential for a new form of computing. Our research has revealed that these microspheres exhibit behavior similar to neurons, generat... Read More about Electrical spiking activity of proteinoids-ZnO colloids.

Recognition of sounds by ensembles of proteinoids (2024)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2024). Recognition of sounds by ensembles of proteinoids. Materials Today Bio, 25, Article 100989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100989

Proteinoids are artificial polymers that imitate certain characteristics of natural proteins, including self-organization, catalytic activity, and responsiveness to external stimuli. This paper examines the acoustic response properties of proteinoids... Read More about Recognition of sounds by ensembles of proteinoids.

Pavlovian reflex in colloids (2024)
Journal Article
Raeisi Kheirabadi, N., Chiolerio, A., & Adamatzky, A. (in press). Pavlovian reflex in colloids. BioNanoScience, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01287-8

Liquid computers are devices that utilise the properties of liquid volumes or reactants to represent data and outputs. A recent development in this field is the emergence of colloid computers, which employ electromagnetic interactions among functiona... Read More about Pavlovian reflex in colloids.

Electrical properties of proteinoids for unconventional computing architectures (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Electrical properties of proteinoids for unconventional computing architectures. In NANOARCH '23: Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (1-4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3611315.3633264

Proteinoids are peptide-like molecules that arise from the combination of amino acids in pre-biotic environments. Recent studies have revealed distinctive electrical characteristics of proteinoids, such as the presence of voltage-gated ion channels,... Read More about Electrical properties of proteinoids for unconventional computing architectures.

Light-induced spiking in proteinoids yields Boolean gates (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Light-induced spiking in proteinoids yields Boolean gates. Materials and Design, 236, Article 112460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112460

This study analyzes light modulation of spiking in proteinoids, thermally condensed proteins exhibiting spike dynamics. We elucidate how light induces changes in proteinoids, modulating spike frequency. Results show proteinoids' spiking can be adjust... Read More about Light-induced spiking in proteinoids yields Boolean gates.

Learning in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Learning in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres. Royal Society Open Science, 10(10), Article 230936. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230936

Proteinoids are thermal proteins which form microspheres in water in the presence of salt. Ensembles of proteinoid microspheres exhibit passive nonlinear electrical properties and active neuron-like spiking of electrical potential. We propose that va... Read More about Learning in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres.

Logical gates in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Logical gates in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres. PLoS ONE, 18(9), Article e0289433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289433

Proteinoids are thermal proteins which swell into microspheres in aqueous solution. Ensembles of proteinoids produce electrical spiking activity similar to that of neurons. We introduce a novel method for implementing logical gates in the ensembles o... Read More about Logical gates in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres.

Proteinoid microspheres as protoneural networks (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Proteinoid microspheres as protoneural networks. ACS Omega, 8(38), 35417–35426. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c05670

Proteinoids, also known as thermal proteins, possess a fascinating ability to generate microspheres that exhibit electrical spikes resembling the action potentials of neurons. These spiking microspheres, referred to as protoneurons, hold the potentia... Read More about Proteinoid microspheres as protoneural networks.

Light induced spiking of proteinoids (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Light induced spiking of proteinoids. BioSystems, 232, Article 105015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105015

Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, are produced by heating amino acids to their melting point and initiating polymerisation to produce polymeric chains. In aqueous solutions proteinoids swell into hollow microspheres. These microspheres produce endoge... Read More about Light induced spiking of proteinoids.

Learning in colloids: Synapse-like ZnO + DMSO colloid (2023)
Journal Article
Kheirabadi, N. R., Chiolerio, A., Phillips, N., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Learning in colloids: Synapse-like ZnO + DMSO colloid. Neurocomputing, 557, Article 126710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126710

Colloids subjected to electrical stimuli exhibit a reconfiguration that might be used to store information and potentially compute. In a colloidal suspension of ZnO nanoparticles in DMSO, we investigated the learning, memorization, time and stimulati... Read More about Learning in colloids: Synapse-like ZnO + DMSO colloid.

Multiscalar electrical spiking in Schizophyllum commune (2023)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Schunselaar, E., Wösten, H. A. B., & Ayres, P. (2023). Multiscalar electrical spiking in Schizophyllum commune. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 12808. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40163-z

Growing colonies of the split-gill fungus Schizophyllum commune show action potential-like spikes of extracellular electrical potential. We analysed several days of electrical activity recording of the fungus and discovered three families of oscillat... Read More about Multiscalar electrical spiking in Schizophyllum commune.

No ultrasounds detected from fungi when dehydrated (2023)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Remedios, S. W., Nikolaidou, A., Baracskai, Z., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). No ultrasounds detected from fungi when dehydrated. Ultrasonics, 135, Article 107111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107111

Many organisms (including certain plant species) can be observed to emit sounds, potentially signifying threat alerts. Sensitivity to such sounds and vibrations may also play an important role in the lives of fungi. In this work, we explore the poten... Read More about No ultrasounds detected from fungi when dehydrated.

Author correction: Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats (2023)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Tarabella, G., Phillips, N., Chiolerio, A., D’Angelo, P., Nikolaidou, A., & Sirakoulis, G. C. (2023). Author correction: Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 11204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38161-2

Correction to: Scientific Reports, published online 09 June 2023 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Pasquale D’Angelo which was incorrectly given as Passquale D’Angelo. The original Article has been... Read More about Author correction: Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats.

Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats (2023)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Tarabella, G., Phillips, N., Chiolerio, A., D’Angelo, P., Nikolaidou, A., & Sirakoulis, G. C. (2023). Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 9367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36244-8

A kombucha is a tea and sugar fermented by over sixty kinds of yeasts and bacteria. This symbiotic community produces kombucha mats, which are cellulose-based hydrogels. The kombucha mats can be used as an alternative to animal leather in industry an... Read More about Kombucha electronics: Electronic circuits on kombucha mats.

Propagation of electrical signals by fungi (2023)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Roberts, N., Phillips, N., Weerasekera, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Propagation of electrical signals by fungi. BioSystems, 229, Article 104933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104933

Living fungal mycelium networks are proven to have properties of memristors, capacitors and various sensors. To further progress our designs in fungal electronics we need to evaluate how electrical signals can be propagated through mycelium networks.... Read More about Propagation of electrical signals by fungi.

Proposing magnetoimpedance effect for neuromorphic computing (2023)
Journal Article
Jamilpanah, L., Chiolerio, A., Crepaldi, M., Adamatzky, A., & Mohseni, M. (2023). Proposing magnetoimpedance effect for neuromorphic computing. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 8635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35876-0

Oscillation of physical parameters in materials can result in a peak signal in the frequency spectrum of the voltage measured from the materials. This spectrum and its amplitude/frequency tunability, through the application of bias voltage or current... Read More about Proposing magnetoimpedance effect for neuromorphic computing.

Transfer functions of proteinoid microspheres (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., Phillips, N., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Transfer functions of proteinoid microspheres. BioSystems, 227-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104892

Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, are inorganic entities formed by heating amino acids to their melting point and commencing polymerisation to form polymeric chains. Typically, their diameters range from 1 μm to 10 μm. Some amino acids incorporated i... Read More about Transfer functions of proteinoid microspheres.

Electrical response of fungi to changing moisture content (2023)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Gandia, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Electrical response of fungi to changing moisture content. Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, 10(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00155-0

Mycelium-bound composites are potential alternatives to conventional materials for a variety of applications, including thermal and acoustic building panels and product packaging. If the reactions of live mycelium to environmental conditions and stim... Read More about Electrical response of fungi to changing moisture content.

Responsive fungal insoles for pressure detection (2023)
Journal Article
Nikolaidou, A., Phillips, N., Tsompanas, M. A., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Responsive fungal insoles for pressure detection. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 4595. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31594-9

Mycelium bound composites are promising materials for a diverse range of applications including wearables and building elements. Their functionality surpasses some of the capabilities of traditionally passive materials, such as synthetic fibres, reco... Read More about Responsive fungal insoles for pressure detection.

Experimental demonstration of in-memory computing in a ferrofluid system (2023)
Journal Article
Crepaldi, M., Mohan, C., Garofalo, E., Adamatzky, A., Szaciłowski, K., & Chiolerio, A. (2023). Experimental demonstration of in-memory computing in a ferrofluid system. Advanced Materials, 35(23), Article 2211406. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202211406

Magnetic fluids are excellent candidates for several important research fields including energy harvesting, biomedical applications, soft robotics, and exploration. However, notwithstanding relevant advancements such as shape reconfigurability, that... Read More about Experimental demonstration of in-memory computing in a ferrofluid system.

Living plants ecosystem sensing: A quantum bridge between thermodynamics and bioelectricity (2023)
Journal Article
Chiolerio, A., Vitiello, G., Dehshibi, M. M., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Living plants ecosystem sensing: A quantum bridge between thermodynamics and bioelectricity. Biomimetics, 8(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010122

The in situ measurement of the bioelectric potential in xilematic and floematic superior plants reveals valuable insights into the biological activity of these organisms, including their responses to lunar and solar cycles and collective behaviour. T... Read More about Living plants ecosystem sensing: A quantum bridge between thermodynamics and bioelectricity.

Low frequency electrical waves in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres (2023)
Journal Article
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2023). Low frequency electrical waves in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1992. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29067-0

Proteinoids (thermal proteins) are produced by heating amino acids to their melting point and initiation of polymerisation to produce polymeric chains. Amino acid-like molecules, or proteinoids, can condense at high temperatures to create aggregation... Read More about Low frequency electrical waves in ensembles of proteinoid microspheres.

Dynamics of electrical resistance of kombucha zoogleal mats (2023)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (in press). Dynamics of electrical resistance of kombucha zoogleal mats. Biophysical Reviews and Letters, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793048022500084

We demonstrate that zoogleal mats of kombucha exhibit spikes of electrical resistance. A kombucha is a sugared tea fermented by a symbiotic community of over 20 species of bacteria and yeasts which produce cellulosic gelatinous zoogleal mats. We reco... Read More about Dynamics of electrical resistance of kombucha zoogleal mats.

Electrical potential spiking of Kombucha zoogleal mats: A symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts (2022)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2023). Electrical potential spiking of Kombucha zoogleal mats: A symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts. Bioelectricity, 5(2), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1089/bioe.2022.0030

Background: A kombucha is a sugared tea fermented by a symbiotic community of over 20 species of bacteria and yeasts. The community produces and inhabits cellulosic gelatinous zoogleal mats. Methods: We studied electrical activity of the kombucha mat... Read More about Electrical potential spiking of Kombucha zoogleal mats: A symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts.

Logics in fungal Mycelium networks (2022)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Ayres, P., Beasley, A. E., Roberts, N., & Wösten, H. A. B. (2022). Logics in fungal Mycelium networks. Logica Universalis, 16(4), 655-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-022-00318-4

The living mycelium networks are capable of efficient sensorial fusion over very large areas and distributed decision making. The information processing in the mycelium networks is implemented via propagation of electrical and chemical signals en pai... Read More about Logics in fungal Mycelium networks.

Electrical frequency discrimination by fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (2022)
Journal Article
Przyczyna, D., Szacilowski, K., Chiolerio, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Electrical frequency discrimination by fungi Pleurotus ostreatus. BioSystems, 222, 104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104797

We stimulate mycelian networks of oyster fungi Pleurotus ostreatus with low frequency sinusoidal electrical signals. We demonstrate that the fungal networks can discriminate between frequencies in a fuzzy or threshold based manner. Details about the... Read More about Electrical frequency discrimination by fungi Pleurotus ostreatus.

Conventional non-computing and unconventional musical signal processing (2022)
Book Chapter
Baracskai, Z. (2022). Conventional non-computing and unconventional musical signal processing. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Unconventional Computing, Arts, Philosophy (339-365). World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811257155_0020

As the scepsis maintains its lead in scientific enquiry giving birth to unconventional computing, one must poke at the newborn as well. By manipulating the terms convention and computing, challenges are posed to their meaning in the contemporary cont... Read More about Conventional non-computing and unconventional musical signal processing.

Chimera states in neuro-inspired area-efficient asynchronous cellular automata networks (2022)
Journal Article
Tsakalos, K., Dragkola, P., Karamani, R., Tsompanas, M., Provata, A., Dimitrakis, P., …Sirakoulis, G. C. (2022). Chimera states in neuro-inspired area-efficient asynchronous cellular automata networks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 69(10), 4128-4140. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2022.3187376

Synchronization transition in neuromorphic networks has attracted much attention recently as a fundamental property of biological neural networks, which relies on network connectivity along with different synaptic features. In this work, an area-opti... Read More about Chimera states in neuro-inspired area-efficient asynchronous cellular automata networks.

Mining logical circuits in fungi (2022)
Journal Article
Roberts, N., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Mining logical circuits in fungi. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20080-3

Living substrates are capable for nontrivial mappings of electrical signals due to the substrate nonlinear electrical characteristics. This property can be used to realise Boolean functions. Input logical values are represented by amplitude or freque... Read More about Mining logical circuits in fungi.

Rethinking living matter: Animate behaviours of fungal composites (2022)
Presentation / Conference
Nikolaidou, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2022, September). Rethinking living matter: Animate behaviours of fungal composites. Paper presented at SEEDS International Conference 2022, University of West of England, Bristol

Smart materials integrating conventional soft electronics e.g. sensors and actuators, are widely used in the building and wearable industries, contributing to the depletion of natural resources and having a vast environmental impact. In this paper, a... Read More about Rethinking living matter: Animate behaviours of fungal composites.

Molecular collective response and dynamical symmetry properties in biopotentials of superior plants: Experimental observations and quantum field theory modeling (2022)
Journal Article
Chiolerio, A., Dehshibi, M. M., Vitiello, G., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Molecular collective response and dynamical symmetry properties in biopotentials of superior plants: Experimental observations and quantum field theory modeling. Symmetry, 14(9), e1792. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091792

Trees employ impulses of electrical activity to coordinate actions of their bodies and long-distance communication. There are indications that the vascular system might act as a network of pathways for traveling electrical impulses. A question arises... Read More about Molecular collective response and dynamical symmetry properties in biopotentials of superior plants: Experimental observations and quantum field theory modeling.

Neuromorphic liquids, colloids and gels: A review (2022)
Journal Article
Raeisi Kheirabadi, N. R., Chiolerio, A., Szacilowski, K., & Adamatzky, A. (in press). Neuromorphic liquids, colloids and gels: A review. ChemPhysChem, https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202200390

Advances in flexible electronic devices and robotic software require that sensors and controllers be virtually devoid of traditional electronic components, be deformable and stretch-resistant. Liquid electronic devices that mimic biological synapses... Read More about Neuromorphic liquids, colloids and gels: A review.

A haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithm optimizing nanoparticle based cancer treatments (2022)
Book Chapter
Tsompanas, M., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2022). A haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithm optimizing nanoparticle based cancer treatments. In I. Balaz, & A. Adamatzky (Eds.), Cancer, Complexity, Computation (237-251). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04379-6_10

This paper uses a recent explanation for the fundamental haploid-diploid lifecycle of eukaryotic organisms to present a new evolutionary algorithm that differs from all previous known work using diploid representations. A form of the Baldwin effect h... Read More about A haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithm optimizing nanoparticle based cancer treatments.

Chemical Wave Computing from Labware to Electrical Systems (2022)
Journal Article
Chatzinikolaou, T. P., Fyrigos, I., Ntinas, V., Kitsios, S., Tsompanas, M., Bousoulas, P., …Sirakoulis, G. C. (2022). Chemical Wave Computing from Labware to Electrical Systems. Electronics, 11(11), Article 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111683

Unconventional and, specifically, wave computing has been repeatedly studied in laboratory based experiments by utilizing chemical systems like a thin film of Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactions. Nonetheless, the principles demonstrated by this chemi... Read More about Chemical Wave Computing from Labware to Electrical Systems.

Spontaneous and driven growth of multicellular lipid compartments to millimeter size from porous polymer structures** (2022)
Journal Article
Nomura, S. M., Shimizu, R., Archer, R. J., Hayase, G., Toyota, T., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Spontaneous and driven growth of multicellular lipid compartments to millimeter size from porous polymer structures**. ChemSystemsChem, 4(5), https://doi.org/10.1002/syst.202200006

This report describes a method to obtain multicellular shaped compartments made by lipids growing from a sponge-like porous structure. Each compartment is several tens of micrometers in diameter and separated by membranes comprised of phospholipid an... Read More about Spontaneous and driven growth of multicellular lipid compartments to millimeter size from porous polymer structures**.

Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity (2022)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2022). Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity. Royal Society Open Science, 9(4), 211926. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211926

Fungi exhibit oscillations of extracellular electrical potential recorded via differential electrodes inserted into a substrate colonized by mycelium or directly into sporocarps. We analysed electrical activity of ghost fungi (Omphalotus nidiformis),... Read More about Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity.

Chlorella sensors in liquid marbles and droplets (2022)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Chlorella sensors in liquid marbles and droplets. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 36, Article 100491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100491

The use of live organisms in electrically-coupled sensing devices has been suggested as an alternative low-cost, low-environmental footprint and robust technology for continuous monitoring and sensing applications. The utility of Chlorella vulgaris a... Read More about Chlorella sensors in liquid marbles and droplets.

Marimo actuated rover systems (2022)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Draper, T. C., Mayne, R., Reynolds, D. M., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Marimo actuated rover systems. Journal of Biological Engineering, 16(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-021-00279-0

Background: The potential to directly harness photosynthesis to make actuators, biosensors and bioprocessors has been previously demonstrated in the literature. Herein, this capability has been expanded to more advanced systems — Marimo Actuated Rove... Read More about Marimo actuated rover systems.

Electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi (2022)
Journal Article
Gandia, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 15(1), 226-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2022.2136118

Psilocybin fungi, aka “magic” mushrooms, are well known for inducing colorful and visionary states of mind. Such psychoactive properties and the ease of cultivating their basidiocarps within low-tech setups make psilocybin fungi promising pharmacolog... Read More about Electrical spiking of psilocybin fungi.

Fungal electronics (2021)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Ayres, P., Beasley, A. E., Chiolerio, A., Dehshibi, M. M., Gandia, A., …Wösten, H. A. (2022). Fungal electronics. BioSystems, 212, Article 104588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104588

Fungal electronics is a family of living electronic devices made of mycelium bound composites or pure mycelium. Fungal electronic devices are capable of changing their impedance and generating spikes of electrical potential in response to external co... Read More about Fungal electronics.

Fungal architectures (2021)
Exhibition / Performance
Nikolaidou, A., Adamatzky, A., Phillips, N., Roberts, N., & Petrova, I. Fungal architectures. [Installations, Prints]. 13 December 2021 - 19 December 2021. (Unpublished)

"Fungal architectures" arts exhibition presents works inspired by protocognition of fungi and slime moulds and fungal materials. Fungal Architectures is a new cross-disciplinary research project that seeks to develop a fully integrated structural and... Read More about Fungal architectures.

Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types (2021)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2021). Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 16(4), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2021.3108306

There is a rich history of evolutionary algorithms tackling optimization problems where the most appropriate size of solutions, namely the genome length, is unclear a priori. Here, we investigated the applicability of this methodology on the problem... Read More about Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types.

Mem-fractive properties of mushrooms (2021)
Journal Article
Beasley, A. E., Abdelouahab, M. S., Lozi, R., Tsompanas, M. A., Powell, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2022). Mem-fractive properties of mushrooms. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 16(6), Article 066026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac2e0c

Memristors close the loop for I-V characteristics of the traditional, passive, semi-conductor devices. A memristor is a physical realisation of the material implication and thus is a universal logical element. Memristors are getting particular intere... Read More about Mem-fractive properties of mushrooms.

Evolutionary computational platform for the automatic discovery of nanocarriers for cancer treatment (2021)
Journal Article
Stillman, N. R., Balaz, I., Tsompanas, M. A., Kovacevic, M., Azimi, S., Lafond, S., …Hauert, S. (2021). Evolutionary computational platform for the automatic discovery of nanocarriers for cancer treatment. npj Computational Materials, 7(1), Article 150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-021-00614-5

We present the EVONANO platform for the evolution of nanomedicines with application to anti-cancer treatments. Our work aims to decrease both the time and cost required to develop nanoparticle designs. EVONANO includes a simulator to grow tumours, ex... Read More about Evolutionary computational platform for the automatic discovery of nanocarriers for cancer treatment.

Robot narratives (2021)
Book Chapter
Orell, M. S., Bown, J., Stepney, S., Walsh, R., & Winfield, A. F. T. (2021). Robot narratives. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Handbook of Unconventional Computing Volume 1: Theory (221-246). World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811235726_0006

There is evidence that humans understand how the world goes through narrative. We discuss what it might mean for embodied robots to understand the world, and communicate that understanding, in a similar manner. We suggest an architecture for adding n... Read More about Robot narratives.

Stimulating fungi Pleurotus ostreatus with hydrocortisone (2021)
Journal Article
Dehshibi, M. M., Chiolerio, A., Nikolaidou, A., Mayne, R., Gandia, A., Ashtari-Majlan, M., & Adamatzky, A. (2021). Stimulating fungi Pleurotus ostreatus with hydrocortisone. ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering, 7(8), 3718-3726. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00752

Fungi cells can sense extracellular signals via reception, transduction, and response mechanisms, allowing them to communicate with their host and adapt to their environment. They feature effective regulatory protein expressions that enhance and regu... Read More about Stimulating fungi Pleurotus ostreatus with hydrocortisone.

Protein structured reservoir computing for spike-based pattern recognition (2021)
Journal Article
Tsakalos, K., Ch. Sirakoulis, G., Adamatzky, A., & Smith, J. (2022). Protein structured reservoir computing for spike-based pattern recognition. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 33(2), 322 - 331. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2021.3068826

Nowadays we witness a miniaturisation trend in the semiconductor industry backed up by groundbreaking discoveries and designs in nanoscale characterisation and fabrication. To facilitate the trend and produce ever smaller, faster and cheaper computin... Read More about Protein structured reservoir computing for spike-based pattern recognition.

Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment (2021)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2021). Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 41(2), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2021.02.002

In silico evolutionary optimization of cancer treatment based on multiple nano-particle (NP) assisted drug delivery systems was investigated in this study. The use of multiple types of NPs is expected to increase the robustness of the treatment, due... Read More about Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment.

Living wearables from slime mould and fungi (2021)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Nikolaidou, A., Gandia, A., & Chiolerio, A. (2021). Living wearables from slime mould and fungi. LINKs-series, 93-98

Smart wearables, augmented with soft and liquid electronics, can display sensing, responsive and adaptive capabilities, but they cannot self-grow or self-repair. Living organisms colonising a fabric could be a viable alternative. In the present artic... Read More about Living wearables from slime mould and fungi.

Reactive fungal wearable (2021)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Nikolaidou, A., Gandia, A., Chiolerio, A., & Dehshibi, M. M. (2021). Reactive fungal wearable. BioSystems, 199, Article 104304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104304

Smart wearables sense and process information from the user’s body and environment and report results of their analysis as electrical signals. Conventional electronic sensors and controllers are commonly, sometimes augmented by recent advances in sof... Read More about Reactive fungal wearable.

In silico optimization of cancer therapies with multiple types of nanoparticles applied at different times (2020)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2020). In silico optimization of cancer therapies with multiple types of nanoparticles applied at different times. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 200, Article 105886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105886

© 2020 The Author(s) Background and Objective: Cancer tumors constitute a complicated environment for conventional anti-cancer treatments to confront, so solutions with higher complexity and, thus, robustness to diverse conditions are required. Alter... Read More about In silico optimization of cancer therapies with multiple types of nanoparticles applied at different times.

Novelty search employed into the development of cancer treatment simulations (2020)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2020). Novelty search employed into the development of cancer treatment simulations. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 19, 100347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2020.100347

Conventional optimization methodologies may be hindered when the automated search is stuck into local optima because of a deceptive objective function landscape. Consequently, open ended search methodologies, such as novelty search, have been propose... Read More about Novelty search employed into the development of cancer treatment simulations.

Contactless sensing of liquid marbles for detection, characterisation & computing (2019)
Journal Article
Draper, T. C., Phillips, N., Weerasekera, R., Mayne, R., Fullarton, C., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2020). Contactless sensing of liquid marbles for detection, characterisation & computing. Lab on a Chip, 20(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc01001g

Liquid marbles (LMs) are of growing interest in many fields, including microfluidics, microreactors, sensors, and signal carriers. The generation of LMs is generally performed manually, although there has recently been a burst of publications involvi... Read More about Contactless sensing of liquid marbles for detection, characterisation & computing.

Electrical Properties of Solvated Tectomers: Toward Zettascale Computing (2019)
Journal Article
Chiolerio, A., Draper, T. C., Jost, C., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Electrical Properties of Solvated Tectomers: Toward Zettascale Computing. Advanced Electronic Materials, 5(12), Article 1900202. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900202

© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Liquid cybernetic systems with embodied intelligence solutions mimicking biologic systems, in response to future increasingly distributed sensing and the resulting data to be managed, has been propo... Read More about Electrical Properties of Solvated Tectomers: Toward Zettascale Computing.

Neuromorphic liquid marbles with aqueous carbon nanotube cores (2019)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Draper, T. C., Phillips, N., Whiting, J. G. H., Weerasekera, R., Fullarton, C., …Adamatzky, A. (2019). Neuromorphic liquid marbles with aqueous carbon nanotube cores. Langmuir, 35, 13182-13188. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02552

Neuromorphic computing devices attempt to emulate features of biological nervous systems through mimicking the properties of synapses, towards implementing the emergent properties of their counterparts, such as learning. Inspired by recent advances i... Read More about Neuromorphic liquid marbles with aqueous carbon nanotube cores.

Marimo machines: Oscillators, biosensors and actuators (2019)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Draper, T. C., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Marimo machines: Oscillators, biosensors and actuators. Journal of Biological Engineering, 13(1), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-019-0200-5

Background The green algae balls (Aegagropila linnaei), known as Marimo, are large spherical colonies of live photosynthetic filaments, formed by rolling water currents in freshwater lakes. Photosynthesis therein produces gas bubbles that can attach... Read More about Marimo machines: Oscillators, biosensors and actuators.

Interspecies Urban Planning, Reimaging City Infrastructures with Slime Mould (2019)
Book Chapter
Dillon, T. (2019). Interspecies Urban Planning, Reimaging City Infrastructures with Slime Mould. . River Publishers

The slime mould Physarum polycephalum optimises its shape in a geometrically constrained space. We explore this property in order to reconsider how we could develop more inclusive, interspecies approaches to urban planning and infrastructure. Working... Read More about Interspecies Urban Planning, Reimaging City Infrastructures with Slime Mould.

Belousov-Zhabotinsky liquid marbles in robot control (2019)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Fullarton, C., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Belousov-Zhabotinsky liquid marbles in robot control. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 295, 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.04.152

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. We show how to control the movement of a wheeled robot using on-board liquid marbles made of Belousov-Zhabotinsky solution droplets coated with polyethylene powder. Two stainless steel, iridium coated electrodes were inserted in... Read More about Belousov-Zhabotinsky liquid marbles in robot control.

Towards an evolvable cancer treatment simulator (2019)
Journal Article
Preen, R. J., Bull, L., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Towards an evolvable cancer treatment simulator. BioSystems, 182, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.05.005

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. The use of high-fidelity computational simulations promises to enable high-throughput hypothesis testing and optimisation of cancer therapies. However, increasing realism comes at the cost of increasing computational requirements... Read More about Towards an evolvable cancer treatment simulator.

On the simulation (and energy costs) of human intelligence, the singularity and simulationism (2019)
Book Chapter
Winfield, A. F. T. (2019). On the simulation (and energy costs) of human intelligence, the singularity and simulationism. In A. Adamatzky, & V. Kendon (Eds.), From Astrophysics to Unconventional Computation (397-407). Springer Nature Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15792-0_16

For many the Holy Grail of robotics and AI is the creation of artificial persons: artefacts with equivalent general competencies as humans. Such artefacts would literally be simulations of humans. With the theme of simulation this essay reflects on b... Read More about On the simulation (and energy costs) of human intelligence, the singularity and simulationism.

Mapping outcomes of liquid marble collisions (2019)
Journal Article
Draper, T. C., Fullarton, C., Mayne, R., Phillips, N., Canciani, G. E., De Lacy Costello, B. P., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Mapping outcomes of liquid marble collisions. Soft Matter, 15(17), 3541-3551. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00328b

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Liquid marbles (LMs) have many promising roles in the ongoing development of microfluidics, microreactors, bioreactors, and unconventional computing. In many of these applications, the coalescence of two LMs is... Read More about Mapping outcomes of liquid marble collisions.

Thermal switch of oscillation frequency in belousov- zhabotinsky liquid marbles (2019)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., Costello, B. D. L., & Draper, T. C. (2019). Thermal switch of oscillation frequency in belousov- zhabotinsky liquid marbles. Royal Society Open Science, 6(4), 190078. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190078

© 2019 The Authors. External control of oscillation dynamics in the Belousov- Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is important for many applications including encoding computing schemes. When considering the BZ reaction, there are limited studies dealing with... Read More about Thermal switch of oscillation frequency in belousov- zhabotinsky liquid marbles.

Towards experimental P-systems using multivesicular liposomes (2019)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Phillips, N., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Towards experimental P-systems using multivesicular liposomes. Œconomia, 1(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41965-018-00006-7

P-systems are abstract computational models inspired by the phospholipid bilayer membranes generated by biological cells. Illustrated here is a mechanism by which recursive liposome structures (multivesicular liposomes) may be experimentally produced... Read More about Towards experimental P-systems using multivesicular liposomes.

Liquid Marble Actuator for Microfluidic Logic Systems (2018)
Journal Article
Draper, T. C., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B. P. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Liquid Marble Actuator for Microfluidic Logic Systems. Scientific Reports, 8(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32540-w

© 2018, The Author(s). A mechanical flip-flop actuator has been developed that allows for the facile re-routing and distribution of liquid marbles (LMs) in digital microfluidic devices. Shaped loosely like a triangle, the actuating switch pivots fro... Read More about Liquid Marble Actuator for Microfluidic Logic Systems.

Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in liquid marbles (2018)
Journal Article
Fullarton, C., Draper, T., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in liquid marbles. Journal of Physics: Materials, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/aaed4c

In Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) type reactions, chemical oxidation waves can be exploited to produce reaction-diffusion processors. This paper reports on a new method of encapsulating BZ solution in a powder coating of either polyethylene (PE) or polyte... Read More about Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in liquid marbles.

Hardware implementation of a biomimicking hybrid CA (2018)
Book Chapter
Madikas, M., Tsompanas, M., Dourvas, N., Sirakoulis, G., Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Hardware implementation of a biomimicking hybrid CA. In G. Mauri, S. El Yacoubi, A. Dennunzio, K. Nishinari, & L. Manzoni (Eds.), International Conference on Cellular Automata. Springer Nature

A hybrid model, combining a Cellular Automaton (CA) and a multi-agent system, was proposed to mimic the computation abilities of the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum. This model was implemented on software, as well as, on hardware, namely on a Fie... Read More about Hardware implementation of a biomimicking hybrid CA.

Fluidic gates simulated with lattice Boltzmann method under different Reynolds numbers (2018)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., & Andrew, A. (2018). Fluidic gates simulated with lattice Boltzmann method under different Reynolds numbers. Journal of Computational Science, 28, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2018.08.003

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Fluidic devices use fluid as a medium for information transfer and computation. Boolean values are represented by the presence of fluid jets in the input and output channels. Velocity of a fluid is one of the parameters determini... Read More about Fluidic gates simulated with lattice Boltzmann method under different Reynolds numbers.

Street map analysis with excitable chemical medium (2018)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2018). Street map analysis with excitable chemical medium. Physical Review E, 98(1), 012306. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.012306

© 2018 American Physical Society. Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) thin layer solution is a fruitful substrate for designing unconventional computing devices. A range of logical circuits, wet electronic devices, and neuromorphic prototypes have been constru... Read More about Street map analysis with excitable chemical medium.

Phase transitions in swarm optimization algorithms (2018)
Book Chapter
Adamatzky, A. (2018). Phase transitions in swarm optimization algorithms. In S. Stepney, & S. Verlan (Eds.), Unconventional Computation and Natural Computation (204-2016). Spinrger

Natural systems often exhibit chaotic behavior in their space-time evolution. Systems transiting between chaos and order manifest a potential to compute, as shown with cellular automata and artificial neural networks. We demonstrate that swarms optim... Read More about Phase transitions in swarm optimization algorithms.

A Cilia-inspired Closed-loop Sensor-actuator Array (2018)
Journal Article
Whiting, J., Mayne, R., Melhuish, C., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). A Cilia-inspired Closed-loop Sensor-actuator Array. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 15(3), 526-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-018-0043-7

© 2018, Jilin University. Cilia are finger-like cell-surface organelles that are used by certain varieties of aquatic unicellular organisms for motility, sensing and object manipulation. Initiated by internal generators and external mechanical and ch... Read More about A Cilia-inspired Closed-loop Sensor-actuator Array.

Modelling microbial fuel cells using Lattice Boltzmann methods (2018)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., Phillips, N., Sirakoulis, G., & Greenman, J. (2019). Modelling microbial fuel cells using Lattice Boltzmann methods. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 6(16), 2035-2045. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCBB.2018.2831223

An accurate modelling of bio-electrochemical processes that govern Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and mapping their behaviour according to several parameters will enhance the development of MFC technology and enable their successful implementation in we... Read More about Modelling microbial fuel cells using Lattice Boltzmann methods.

A parallel modular biomimetic cilia sorting platform (2018)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). A parallel modular biomimetic cilia sorting platform. Biomimetics, 3(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics3020005

The aquatic unicellular organism Paramecium caudatum uses cilia to swim around its environment and to graze on food particles and bacteria. Paramecia use waves of ciliary beating for locomotion, intake of food particles and sensing. There is some evi... Read More about A parallel modular biomimetic cilia sorting platform.

Slime mould: The fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition (2018)
Journal Article
Vallverdú, J., Castro, O., Mayne, R., Talanov, M., Levin, M., Baluška, F., …Adamatzky, A. (2018). Slime mould: The fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition. BioSystems, 165, 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.12.011

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. The slime mould Physarum polycephalum has been used in developing unconventional computing devices for in which the slime mould played a role of a sensing, actuating, and computing device. These devices treated the slime mould as... Read More about Slime mould: The fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition.

Toxicity and Applications of Internalised Magnetite Nanoparticles Within Live Paramecium caudatum Cells (2018)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Whiting, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Toxicity and Applications of Internalised Magnetite Nanoparticles Within Live Paramecium caudatum Cells. BioNanoScience, 8(1), 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-017-0425-z

© 2017, The Author(s). The nanotechnology revolution has allowed us to speculate on the possibility of hybridising nanoscale materials with live substrates, yet significant doubt still remains pertaining to the effects of nanomaterials on biological... Read More about Toxicity and Applications of Internalised Magnetite Nanoparticles Within Live Paramecium caudatum Cells.

Evaporation, lifetime, and robustness studies of liquid marbles for collision-based computing (2018)
Journal Article
Fullarton, C., Draper, T., Phillips, N., Mayne, R., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Evaporation, lifetime, and robustness studies of liquid marbles for collision-based computing. Langmuir, 34(7), 2573-2580. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04196

© 2018 American Chemical Society. Liquid marbles (LMs) have recently attracted interest for use as cargo carriers in digital microfluidics and have successfully been implemented as signal carriers in collision-based unconventional computing circuits.... Read More about Evaporation, lifetime, and robustness studies of liquid marbles for collision-based computing.

Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould (2018)
Book Chapter
Adamatzky, A. (2018). Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Inspired by nature. Springer

Slime mould of Physarum polycephalum is a large cell exhibiting rich spatial non-linear electrical characteristics. We exploit the electrical properties of the slime mould to implement logic gates using a flexible hardware platform designed for inves... Read More about Discovering Boolean gates in slime mould.

Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles (2018)
Journal Article
Draper, T., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2018). Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 10867 LNCS, 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92435-9_5

© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. Here we demonstrate the first working example of a liquid marble-operated sequential binary counting device. We have designed a lightweight gate that can be actuated by the low ma... Read More about Mechanical sequential counting with liquid marbles.

Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing (2017)
Journal Article
Draper, T., Fullarton, C., Phillips, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing. Materials Today, 20(10), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.09.004

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Liquid marbles are microliter droplets of liquid, encapsulated by self-organized hydrophobic particles at the liquid/air interface. They offer an efficient approach for manipulating liquid droplets and compartmentalizing reactions... Read More about Liquid marble interaction gate for collision-based computing.

Cellular Automaton Belousov-Zhabotinsky Model for Binary Full Adder (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Dourvas, N. I., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Cellular Automaton Belousov-Zhabotinsky Model for Binary Full Adder. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 27(6), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127417500894

© 2017 World Scientific Publishing Company. The continuous increment in the performance of classical computers has been driven to its limit. New ways are studied to avoid this oncoming bottleneck and many answers can be found. An example is the Belou... Read More about Cellular Automaton Belousov-Zhabotinsky Model for Binary Full Adder.

Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177528

© 2017 Tsompanas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are... Read More about Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Phillips, N., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2017). Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell. BioSystems, 156-157, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.003

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A cellular non-linear network (CNN) is a uniform regular array of locally connected continuous-state machines, or nodes, which update their states simultaneously in discrete time. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electro-chemica... Read More about Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell.

On plant roots logical gates (2017)
Journal Article
Mancuso, S., Baluška, F., Martínez, G. J., Sirakoulis, G. C., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). On plant roots logical gates. BioSystems, 156-157, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.002

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Theoretical constructs of logical gates implemented with plant roots are morphological computing asynchronous devices. Values of Boolean variables are represented by plant roots. A presence of a plant root at a given site symboli... Read More about On plant roots logical gates.

Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays (2017)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G., Mayne, R., Wheway, G., Melhuish, C., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays. BioSystems, 156-157, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.001

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Motile cilia are cell-surface organelles whose purposes, in ciliated protists and certain ciliated metazoan epithelia, include generating fluid flow, sensing and substance uptake. Certain properties of cilia arrays, such as beati... Read More about Particle sorting by Paramecium cilia arrays.

Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model (2017)
Journal Article
Jones, J., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 32(2), 166-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2015.1044005

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is known to construct protoplasmic transport networks which approximate proximity graphs by foraging for nutrients during its plasmodial life cycle stage. In these networks, nodes are r... Read More about Representation of shape mediated by environmental stimuli in Physarum polycephalum and a multi-agent model.

Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium (2017)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2017). Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 27(3), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127417500419

© 2017 World Scientific Publishing Company. A thin-layer Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium is a powerful computing device capable for implementing logical circuits, memory, image processors, robot controllers, and neuromorphic architectures. We design... Read More about Fredkin and Toffoli Gates Implemented in Oregonator Model of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Medium.

What if houses were powered by milk? (2017)
Journal Article
Phillips, N., Adamatzky, A., & Mayne, R. (2017). What if houses were powered by milk?. BioSystems, 153-154, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.01.002

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Living architectures and green energy are hot topics of the applied sciences. They aim to develop buildings that co-live with their environment and co-habit with people they house. An ultimate goal would be to make every block in... Read More about What if houses were powered by milk?.

On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2016). On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity. Complex Systems -Champaign-, 25(3),

Likely outcomes of a collision between two objects are annihilation, reflection or fusion. We show how to construct a one-bit adder with pattern that fuse on impact. A fusion gate has two inputs and three outputs. When a signal is generated on a si... Read More about On half-adders based on fusion of signal carriers: Excitation, fluidics, and electricity.

On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2016). On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium. PLoS ONE, 11(12), Article e0168267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168267

Flueric devices are fluidic devices without moving parts. Fluidic devices use fluid as a medium for information transfer and computation. A Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium is a thin-layer spatially extended excitable chemical medium which exhibits t... Read More about On emulation of flueric devices in excitable chemical medium.

Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. I., Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A. I., Tsompanas, M., Sirakoulis, G., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study. Natural Computing, 15(2), 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-014-9459-0

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Physarum polycephalum has repeatedly, during the last decade, demonstrated that has unexpected computing abilities. While the plasmodium of P. polycephalum can effectively solve several geographical... Read More about Physarum in silicon: the Greek motorways study.

Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatkzy, A., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2019). Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling. Natural Computing, 18(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-016-9559-0

© 2016, The Author(s). Actin is a cytoskeletal protein which forms dense, highly interconnected networks within eukaryotic cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that actin-mediated intra- and extracellular signalling is instrumental in facilitat... Read More about Cellular automata modelling of slime mould actin network signalling.

On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures (2016)
Journal Article
Gizzie, N., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures. Organic Electronics, 32, 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.02.033

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Physarum polycephalum is a model organism used in the creation of hybrid artificial-biological devices. Among its demonstrated uses in biocomputing it is able to grow self healing 'wires' which can be used to... Read More about On modulating the Physarum polycephalum plasmodium's electrical resistance, resting membrane potential and capacitance by application of nanoparticles and nanostructures.

Practical circuits with Physarum Wires (2016)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., Mayne, R., Moody, N., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Practical circuits with Physarum Wires. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 6(2), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-016-0212-8

© 2016, Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering and Springer. Purpose: Protoplasmic tubes of Physarum polycephalum, also know as Physarum Wires (PW), have been previously suggested as novel bio-electronic components. Until recently, prac... Read More about Practical circuits with Physarum Wires.

On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould (2016)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Horsfield, I., Mayne, R., Ieropoulos, I. A., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould. Scientific Reports, 6(23924), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23924

Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by the unaided eye. Let the slime mould span two electrodes with a single protoplasmic tube: if the tube is heated to approximately ≈40 °C, the electrical resistance of the protoplasmic tube... Read More about On hybrid circuits exploiting thermistive properties of slime mould.

On coupled oscillator dynamics and incident behaviour patterns in slime mould Physarum polycephalum: emergence of wave packets, global streaming clock frequencies and anticipation of periodic stimuli (2016)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Jones, J., Gale, E., & Adamatzky, A. (2017). On coupled oscillator dynamics and incident behaviour patterns in slime mould Physarum polycephalum: emergence of wave packets, global streaming clock frequencies and anticipation of periodic stimuli. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 32(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2016.1156108

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a single cell which physically oscillates via contraction of actomyosin in order to achieve motility. Several of its apparently ‘intelligent’ behavio... Read More about On coupled oscillator dynamics and incident behaviour patterns in slime mould Physarum polycephalum: emergence of wave packets, global streaming clock frequencies and anticipation of periodic stimuli.

Quantum Actin Automata and Three-Valued Logics (2016)
Journal Article
Siccardi, S., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Quantum Actin Automata and Three-Valued Logics. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, 6(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2016.2528722

© 2016 IEEE. Actin is a filament-forming protein responsible for communication, information processing and decision making in eukariotic cells. To show how computation can be implemented on actin filaments we model actin as a helix of two 1-D quantum... Read More about Quantum Actin Automata and Three-Valued Logics.

Towards a Physarum learning chip (2016)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., Jones, J., Bull, L., Levin, M., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Towards a Physarum learning chip. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 19948. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19948

Networks of protoplasmic tubes of organism Physarum polycehpalum are macro-scale structures which optimally span multiple food sources to avoid repellents yet maximize coverage of attractants. When data are presented by configurations of attractants... Read More about Towards a Physarum learning chip.

Evaluation of French motorway network in relation to slime mould transport networks (2016)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Allard, O., Jones, J., & Armstrong, R. (2017). Evaluation of French motorway network in relation to slime mould transport networks. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(2), 364-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515626924

© The Author(s) 2016. France has developed a high quality motorway system that has been rapidly rationalised and matured in the late 20th century yet has been founded on ancient, Roman infrastructures. The development of the motorway system is thus a... Read More about Evaluation of French motorway network in relation to slime mould transport networks.

Living wires — Effects of size and coating of gold nanoparticles in altering the electrical properties of Physarum polycephalum and lettuce seedlings (2016)
Journal Article
Gizzie, N., Mayne, R., Yitzchaik, S., Ikbal, M., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Living wires — Effects of size and coating of gold nanoparticles in altering the electrical properties of Physarum polycephalum and lettuce seedlings. Nano LIFE, 6(1), 1650001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S179398441650001X

The manipulation of biological substrates is becoming more popular route toward generating novel computing devices. Physarum polycephalum is used as a model organism in biocomputingbecause it can create "wires" for use in hybrid circuits; programmab... Read More about Living wires — Effects of size and coating of gold nanoparticles in altering the electrical properties of Physarum polycephalum and lettuce seedlings.

Emergent behaviors in a bio-inspired platform controlled by a physical cellular automata cluster (2016)
Journal Article
Assaf, T., Mayne, R., Adamatzky, A., & Melhuish, C. (2016). Emergent behaviors in a bio-inspired platform controlled by a physical cellular automata cluster. Biomimetics, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics1010005

This work illustrates behavior patterns and trajectories of a bio-inspired artificial platform induced by a cellular automata (CA)-based control strategy. The platform embeds both CA control as physical electronic architecture and a distributed hardw... Read More about Emergent behaviors in a bio-inspired platform controlled by a physical cellular automata cluster.

Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells (2016)
Journal Article
Taylor, B., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26662-6_14

Microbial fuels cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical transducers that generate energy from the metabolism of electro-active microorganisms. The organism Physarum polycephalum is a species of slime mould, which has demonstrated many novel and interest... Read More about Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells.

A computation in a cellular automaton collider rule 110 (2016)
Book Chapter
Martinez, G., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2016). A computation in a cellular automaton collider rule 110. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Advances in Unconventional Computing (391-428). Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33924-5_15

A cellular automaton collider is a finite state machine build of rings of one-dimensional cellular automata. We show how a computation can be performed on the collider by exploiting interactions between gliders (particles, localisations). The constru... Read More about A computation in a cellular automaton collider rule 110.

On chirality of slime mould (2015)
Journal Article
Levin, M., Erokhin, V., Dimonte, A., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). On chirality of slime mould. BioSystems, 140, 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.008

© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Left-right patterning and lateralised behaviour is an ubiquitous aspect of plants and animals. The mechanisms linking cellular chirality to the large-scale asymmetry of multicellular structures are incompletely understood... Read More about On chirality of slime mould.

Transition dynamics to complex rules in elementary cellular automata from Wolfram classes (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Delgado, E. M., Martinez, G., & Adamatzky, A. (2015, November). Transition dynamics to complex rules in elementary cellular automata from Wolfram classes. Poster presented at 1era Semana de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Mexico City, Mexico

We overview the basis of Elementary Cellular Automata and Wolfram’s Classes, subsequently we show a technique known as Memory Based Rule Analysis, to extract complex systems from a family of chaotic discrete dynamical system. Cases of study rules 30... Read More about Transition dynamics to complex rules in elementary cellular automata from Wolfram classes.

Swarm of robots simulator (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Barrera, R. G. C., Martinez, G., Oliva Moreno, L. N., & Adamatzky, A. (2015, November). Swarm of robots simulator. Poster presented at 1era Semana de las Ciencias de la Complejidad, Mexico City, Mexico

If a robot can perform a specific task by itself... Can you imagine the work that can be done by hundreds of robots working all together?. Swarms have emerged as a way to assimilate the behavior of nature like insects, school of fish or flocks; becau... Read More about Swarm of robots simulator.

On the computing potential of intracellular vesicles (2015)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). On the computing potential of intracellular vesicles. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0139617. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139617

© 2015 Mayne, Adamatzky. Collision-based computing (CBC) is a form of unconventional computing in which travelling localisations represent data and conditional routing of signals determines the output state; collisions between localisations represent... Read More about On the computing potential of intracellular vesicles.

Comportamiento colectivo no trivial en sistemas complejos con mini-robots (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2015, September). Comportamiento colectivo no trivial en sistemas complejos con mini-robots. Presented at ESCOM IPN seminar, Mexico City, Mexico

Se discutirá el problema del fenómeno "comportamiento colectivo no trivial", frecuentemente referido como auto-organización, en sistemas complejos analizado a través de mini-robots. Durante la conferencia se presentarán algunos prototipos desarrollad... Read More about Comportamiento colectivo no trivial en sistemas complejos con mini-robots.

Building exploration with leeches Hirudo verbana (2015)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Adamatzky, A., & Sirakoulis, G. C. (2015). Building exploration with leeches Hirudo verbana. BioSystems, 134, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.06.004

© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Safe evacuation of people from building and outdoor environments, and search and rescue operations, always will remain actual in course of all socio-technological developments. Modern facilities offer a range of automated... Read More about Building exploration with leeches Hirudo verbana.

Computing with virtual cellular automata collider (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2015, July). Computing with virtual cellular automata collider. Paper presented at Science and Information Conference 2015, London, United Kingdom

We present computer models of nano-scale computing circuits based on propagation of localised excitations or defects in complexes of polymer chain rings. A cyclotron automata are sets of rings of one-dimensional array of finite states (cellular autom... Read More about Computing with virtual cellular automata collider.

The effect of changing electrode metal on solution-processed flexible titanium dioxide memristors (2015)
Journal Article
Gale, E., Pearson, D., Kitson, S., Adamatzky, A., & De Lacy Costello, B. (2015). The effect of changing electrode metal on solution-processed flexible titanium dioxide memristors. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 162, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.03.037

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Abstract Flexible solution-processed memristors show different behaviour dependent on the choice of electrode material. Use of gold for both electrodes leads to switchable WORM (Write Once Read Many times) resistive devices. Use... Read More about The effect of changing electrode metal on solution-processed flexible titanium dioxide memristors.

A biologically inspired network design model (2015)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Adamatzky, A., Chan, F. T., Deng, Y., Yang, H., Yang, X. S., …Mahadevan, S. (2015). A biologically inspired network design model. Scientific Reports, 5, Article 10794. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10794

A network design problem is to select a subset of links in a transport network that satisfy passengers or cargo transportation demands while minimizing the overall costs of the transportation. We propose a mathematical model of the foraging behaviour... Read More about A biologically inspired network design model.

Slime mould imitates development of Roman roads in the Balkans (2015)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A., Evangelidis, V., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Slime mould imitates development of Roman roads in the Balkans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.02.005

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Due to its unexpected computing abilities, Physarum polycephalum, a vegetative stage of acellular slime, has been repeatedly used during the last decade in order to reproduce transport networks. After conducting a series of biolo... Read More about Slime mould imitates development of Roman roads in the Balkans.

Quantitative transformation for implementation of adder circuits in physical systems (2015)
Journal Article
Jones, J., Whiting, J. G. H., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Quantitative transformation for implementation of adder circuits in physical systems. BioSystems, 134, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.05.005

© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Computing devices are composed of spatial arrangements of simple fundamental logic gates. These gates may be combined to form more complex adding circuits and, ultimately, complete computer systems. Implementing classical... Read More about Quantitative transformation for implementation of adder circuits in physical systems.

On exploration of geometrically constrained space by medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2015). On exploration of geometrically constrained space by medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana. BioSystems, 130, 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.02.005

© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Leeches are fascinating creatures: they have simple modular nervous circuitry yet exhibit a rich spectrum of behavioural modes. Leeches could be ideal blue-prints for designing flexible soft robots which are modular, mult... Read More about On exploration of geometrically constrained space by medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana.

Slime mould memristors (2015)
Journal Article
Gale, E., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2015). Slime mould memristors. BioNanoScience, 5(1), 1-8

In laboratory experiments we demonstrate that protoplasmic tubes of acellular slime mould \emph{Physarum polycephalum} show current versus voltage profiles consistent with memristive systems and that the effect is due to the living protoplasm of the... Read More about Slime mould memristors.

Towards a slime Mould-FPGA interface (2015)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Tsompanas, M. A., Sirakoulis, G. C., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Towards a slime Mould-FPGA interface. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 5(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-015-0173-3

© 2015, Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering and Springer. Purpose: The plasmodium of slime mouldPhysarum polycephalum: is a multinucleate single celled organism which behaves as a living amorphous unconventional computing substrate.... Read More about Towards a slime Mould-FPGA interface.

Actin quantum automata: Communication and computation in molecular networks (2015)
Journal Article
Siccardi, S., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Actin quantum automata: Communication and computation in molecular networks. Nano Communication Networks, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2015.01.002

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Actin is filament-forming protein forming a communication and information processing cytoskeletal network of eukaryotic cells. Actin filaments play a key role in developing synaptic structure, memory and leaning of animals and hu... Read More about Actin quantum automata: Communication and computation in molecular networks.

Transfer function of protoplasmic tubes of Physarum polycephalum (2015)
Journal Article
de Lacy Costello, B. P., Whiting, J. G. H., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Transfer function of protoplasmic tubes of Physarum polycephalum. BioSystems, 128, 48-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.01.009

© 2015. The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a large single celled myxomycete; its plasmodium consists of tubes which extend to find sources of food. It has been previously shown that the tubes are conductive with a resistance of approximately 3.... Read More about Transfer function of protoplasmic tubes of Physarum polycephalum.

On using compressibility to detect when slime mould completed computation (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Jones, J. (2016). On using compressibility to detect when slime mould completed computation. Complexity, 21(5), 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21645

© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by an unaided eye. The slime mould optimizes its network of protoplasmic tubes in gradients of attractants and repellents. This behavior is interpreted as compu... Read More about On using compressibility to detect when slime mould completed computation.

Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller (2015)
Journal Article
Taylor, B., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller. BioSystems, 127, 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.10.005

© 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Microbial fuels cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical transducers that generate energy from the metabolism of electro-active microorganisms. The organism Physarum polycephalum is a slime mould, which has demonstrated many... Read More about Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller.

Twenty five uses of slime mould in electronics and computing: Survey (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2015). Twenty five uses of slime mould in electronics and computing: Survey. International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 11(5-6), 449-471

Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a large single cell capable for distributed sensing, concurrent information processing, parallel computation and decentralised actuation. The ease of culturing and experimenting with Physarum makes this slime moul... Read More about Twenty five uses of slime mould in electronics and computing: Survey.

Biomimicry of crowd evacuation with a slime mould cellular automaton model (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. I., Sirakoulis, G. C., Georgilas, I. P., Papadopoulos, D. P., Kalogeiton, V. S., Kalogeiton, V., …Adamatzky, A. (2015). Biomimicry of crowd evacuation with a slime mould cellular automaton model. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 600, 123-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16844-9_7

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. Evacuation is an imminent movement of people away from sources of danger. Evacuation in highly structured environments, e.g. building, requires advance planning and large-scale control. Finding a... Read More about Biomimicry of crowd evacuation with a slime mould cellular automaton model.

Cellular automaton model of crowd evacuation inspired by slime mould (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. I., Sirakoulis, G. C., Georgilas, I. P., Papadopoulos, D. P., Kalogeiton, V. S., Kalogeiton, V., …Adamatzky, A. (2015). Cellular automaton model of crowd evacuation inspired by slime mould. International Journal of General Systems, 44(3), 354-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2014.997527

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. In all the living organisms, the self-preservation behaviour is almost universal. Even the most simple of living organisms, like slime mould, is typically under intense selective pressure to evolve a response to ensure thei... Read More about Cellular automaton model of crowd evacuation inspired by slime mould.

On the dynamics of cellular automata with memory (2015)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & Alonso-Sanz, R. (2015). On the dynamics of cellular automata with memory. Fundamenta Informaticae, 138(1-2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3233/FI-2015-1194

Elementary cellular automata (ECA) are linear arrays of finite-state machines (cells) which take binary states, and update their states simultaneously depending on states of their closest neighbours. We design and study ECA with memory (ECAM), where... Read More about On the dynamics of cellular automata with memory.

Slime mould foraging behaviour as optically coupled logical operations (2015)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Mayne, R., Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Slime mould foraging behaviour as optically coupled logical operations. International Journal of General Systems, 44(3), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2014.997528

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. Physarum polycephalum is a macroscopic plasmodial slime mould whose apparently 'intelligent' behaviour patterns may be interpreted as computation. We employ plasmodial phototactic responses to construct laboratory prototype... Read More about Slime mould foraging behaviour as optically coupled logical operations.

On the role of the plasmodial cytoskeleton in facilitating intelligent behavior in slime mold physarum polycephalum (2015)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Adamatzky, A., & Jones, J. (2015). On the role of the plasmodial cytoskeleton in facilitating intelligent behavior in slime mold physarum polycephalum. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 8(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2015.1059007

© Richard Mayne, Andrew Adamatzky, and Jeff Jones. The plasmodium of slime mold Physarum polycephalum behaves as an amorphous reaction-diffusion computing substrate and is capable of apparently ‘intelligent’ behavior. But how does intelligence emerge... Read More about On the role of the plasmodial cytoskeleton in facilitating intelligent behavior in slime mold physarum polycephalum.

Approximation of statistical analysis and estimation by morphological adaptation in a model of slime mould (2015)
Journal Article
Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Approximation of statistical analysis and estimation by morphological adaptation in a model of slime mould. International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 11(1), 37-62

True slime mould Physarum polycephalum approximates a range of complex computations via growth and adaptation of its protoplasmic transport network, stimulating a large body of recent research into how such a simple organism can perform such complex... Read More about Approximation of statistical analysis and estimation by morphological adaptation in a model of slime mould.

A bio-inspired algorithm for identification of critical components in the transportation networks (2014)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Adamatzky, A., Yang, H., Mahadaven, S., Yang, X. S., Wang, Q., & Deng, Y. (2014). A bio-inspired algorithm for identification of critical components in the transportation networks. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 248, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2014.09.055

© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Critical components in a transportation or communication network are those which should be better protected or secured because their removal has a significant impact on the whole network. In such networks, th... Read More about A bio-inspired algorithm for identification of critical components in the transportation networks.

The Physarum polycephalum actin network: Formalisation, topology and morphological correlates with computational ability (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2014, December). The Physarum polycephalum actin network: Formalisation, topology and morphological correlates with computational ability. Presented at BICT 2014, Boston, USA

The plasmodial form of slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a macroscopic acellular organism that is capable of apparently intelligent behaviour, yet it lacks any features usually associated with intelligence. In this investigation, we study the morp... Read More about The Physarum polycephalum actin network: Formalisation, topology and morphological correlates with computational ability.

Supplier selection based on evidence theory and analytic network process (2014)
Journal Article
Mahadevan, S., Chan, F. T., Deng, Y., Zhang, X., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Supplier selection based on evidence theory and analytic network process. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 230(3), 562-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405414551105

© IMechE 2014. The supplier selection is a key component of the supply chain management. Existing methods for the supplier selection are based on analytic network process. They can handle the interdependence of decision attributes; however, these met... Read More about Supplier selection based on evidence theory and analytic network process.

Complete characterization of structure of rule 54 (2014)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2014). Complete characterization of structure of rule 54. Complex Systems -Champaign-, 23(3), 259-293

The dynamics of rule 54 one-dimensional two-state cellular automaton (CA) are a discrete analog of a space-time dynamics of excitations in nonlinear active medium with mutual inhibition. A cell switches its state 0 to state 1 if one of its two neighb... Read More about Complete characterization of structure of rule 54.

Material approximation of data smoothing and spline curves inspired by slime mould (2014)
Journal Article
Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Material approximation of data smoothing and spline curves inspired by slime mould. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 9(3), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/3/036016

The giant single-celled slime mould Physarum polycephalum is known to approximate a number of network problems via growth and adaptation of its protoplasmic transport network and can serve as an inspiration towards unconventional, material-based comp... Read More about Material approximation of data smoothing and spline curves inspired by slime mould.

Toward hybrid nanostructure-slime mould devices (2014)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., & Adamatzky, A. (2015). Toward hybrid nanostructure-slime mould devices. Nano LIFE, 5(1), 1450007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S179398441450007X

The plasmodium of slime mould Physarum polycephalum has recently received signi¯cant attention for its value as a highly malleable amorphous computing substrate. In laboratory-based experiments, nanoscale arti¯cial circuit components were introduced... Read More about Toward hybrid nanostructure-slime mould devices.

Slime mould electronic oscillators (2014)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2014). Slime mould electronic oscillators. Microelectronic Engineering, 124, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2014.04.022

We construct electronic oscillator from acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The slime mould oscillator is made of two electrodes connected by a protoplasmic tube of the living slime mould. A protoplasmic tube has an average resistance of 3 M... Read More about Slime mould electronic oscillators.

Information coding with frequency of oscillations in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks (2014)
Journal Article
Gorecki, J., Gorecka, J. N., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Information coding with frequency of oscillations in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks. Physical Review E, 89(4), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.89.042910

Information processing with an excitable chemical medium, like the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, is typically based on information coding in the presence or absence of excitation pulses. Here we present a new concept of Boolean coding that can... Read More about Information coding with frequency of oscillations in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks.

Slime mold microfluidic logical gates (2014)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Schubert, T. (2014). Slime mold microfluidic logical gates. Materials Today, 17(2), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.01.018

We demonstrate how logical operations can be implemented in ensembles of protoplasmic tubes of acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The tactile response of the protoplasmic tubes is used to actuate analogs of two- and four-input logical gates... Read More about Slime mold microfluidic logical gates.

Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories (2014)
Journal Article
Howard, G., Bull, L., de Lacy Costello, B., Gale, E., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories. Evolutionary Computation, 22(1), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.1162/EVCO_a_00103

Neuromorphic computing is a brainlike information processing paradigm that requires adaptive learning mechanisms. A spiking neuro-evolutionary system is used for this purpose; plastic resistive memories are implemented as synapses in spiking neural n... Read More about Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories.

Rapid Physarum Algorithm for shortest path problem (2014)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Mahadevan, S., Adamatzky, A., & Deng, Y. (2014). Rapid Physarum Algorithm for shortest path problem. Applied Soft Computing, 23, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2014.05.032

As shortest path (SP) problem has been one of the most fundamental network optimization problems for a long time, technologies for this problem are still being studied. In this paper, a new method by integrating a path finding mathematical model, ins... Read More about Rapid Physarum Algorithm for shortest path problem.

Slime mould logic gates based on frequency changes of electrical potential oscillation (2014)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., de Lacy Costello, B. P. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Slime mould logic gates based on frequency changes of electrical potential oscillation. BioSystems, 124, 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.08.001

Physarum polycephalum is a large single amoeba cell, which in its plasmodial phase, forages and connects nearby food sources with protoplasmic tubes. The organism forages for food by growing these tubes towards detected foodstuff, this foraging behav... Read More about Slime mould logic gates based on frequency changes of electrical potential oscillation.

Emergent spiking in non-ideal memristor networks (2014)
Journal Article
Costello, B. D. L., Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Emergent spiking in non-ideal memristor networks. Microelectronics Journal, 45(11), 1401-1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2014.06.008

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Memristors have uses as artificial synapses and perform well in this role in simulations with artificial spiking neurons. Our experiments show that memristor networks natively spike and can exhibit emergent o... Read More about Emergent spiking in non-ideal memristor networks.

Route 20, autobahn 7, and slime mold: Approximating the longest roads in usa and germany with slime mold on 3-d terrains (2014)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. I., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Route 20, autobahn 7, and slime mold: Approximating the longest roads in usa and germany with slime mold on 3-d terrains. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 44(1), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2013.2248359

A cellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a monstrously large single cell visible by an unaided eye. The slime mold explores space in parallel, is guided by gradients of chemoattractants, and propagates toward sources of nutrients along nearly... Read More about Route 20, autobahn 7, and slime mold: Approximating the longest roads in usa and germany with slime mold on 3-d terrains.

Sensory fusion in Physarum polycephalum and implementing multi-sensory functional computation (2014)
Journal Article
Whiting, J., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Sensory fusion in Physarum polycephalum and implementing multi-sensory functional computation. BioSystems, 119(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.003

Surface electrical potential and observational growth recordings were made of a protoplasmic tube of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum in response to a multitude of stimuli with regards to sensory fusion or multisensory integration. Each stimulus... Read More about Sensory fusion in Physarum polycephalum and implementing multi-sensory functional computation.

A Biologically Inspired Optimization Algorithm for Solving Fuzzy Shortest Path Problems with Mixed Fuzzy Arc Lengths (2014)
Journal Article
Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Adamatzky, A., Chan, F. T., Mahadevan, S., & Deng, Y. (2014). A Biologically Inspired Optimization Algorithm for Solving Fuzzy Shortest Path Problems with Mixed Fuzzy Arc Lengths. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 163(3), 1049-1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10957-014-0542-6

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The shortest path problem is among fundamental problems of network optimization. Majority of the optimization algorithms assume that weights of data graph’s edges are pre-determined real numbers. Howe... Read More about A Biologically Inspired Optimization Algorithm for Solving Fuzzy Shortest Path Problems with Mixed Fuzzy Arc Lengths.

Drop-coated titanium dioxide memristors (2013)
Journal Article
Gale, E., Mayne, R., Adamatzky, A., & De Lacy Costello, B. (2014). Drop-coated titanium dioxide memristors. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 143(2), 524-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.09.013

The fabrication of memristors by drop-coating sol-gel Ti(OH)4 solution onto either aluminium foil or sputter-coated aluminium on plastic is presented. The gel layer is thick, 37 μm, but both devices exhibit good memristance I-V profiles. The drop coa... Read More about Drop-coated titanium dioxide memristors.

Nano-assembly with cells from particle interaction based on collisions of mobile localizations in cellular automata (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2013, November). Nano-assembly with cells from particle interaction based on collisions of mobile localizations in cellular automata. Poster presented at 5° Encuentro de la Red de Nanociencia y Micro-Nanotecnologías, Mexico city, Mexico

An automatic process is proposed by construct nano-assambly devices, derived from a set of synchorinsed collisions between multiple particles, such an automation is based on programming regular expressions and finite state machines.

Towards slime mould chemical sensor: Mapping chemical inputs onto electrical potential dynamics of Physarum Polycephalum (2013)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., de Lacy Costello, B. P. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Towards slime mould chemical sensor: Mapping chemical inputs onto electrical potential dynamics of Physarum Polycephalum. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 191, 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.064

Plasmodium of slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a large single celled organism visible unaided by the eye. This slime mould is capable of optimising the shape of its protoplasmic networks in spatial configurations of attractants and repellents. Su... Read More about Towards slime mould chemical sensor: Mapping chemical inputs onto electrical potential dynamics of Physarum Polycephalum.

Computation of the travelling salesman problem by a shrinking blob (2013)
Journal Article
Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Computation of the travelling salesman problem by a shrinking blob. Natural Computing, 13(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9401-x

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a well known and challenging combinatorial optimisation problem. Its computational intractability has attracted a number of heuristic approaches to generate satisfactory, if not optimal, candidate solutions. S... Read More about Computation of the travelling salesman problem by a shrinking blob.

Metachronal waves in cellular automata: Cilia-like manipulation in actuator arrays (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Georgilas, I., Adamatzky, A., Barr, D., Dudek, P., & Melhuish, C. (2013, September). Metachronal waves in cellular automata: Cilia-like manipulation in actuator arrays. Paper presented at VI International Workshop on Nature Inspired Cooperative Strategies for Optimization (NICSO 2013), Canterbury, UK

Paramecium is covered by cilia. It uses the cilia to swim and transport food particles to its mouth. The cilia are synchronised into a collective action by propagating membrane potential and mechan- ical properties of their underlying membrane and th... Read More about Metachronal waves in cellular automata: Cilia-like manipulation in actuator arrays.

UAV horizon tracking using memristors and cellular automata visual processing (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Georgilas, I., Gale, E., Adamatzky, A., & Melhuish, C. (2013, August). UAV horizon tracking using memristors and cellular automata visual processing. Paper presented at TAROS 2013, The 14th Conference Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, St Anne's College, Oxford, UK

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)s can control their altitude and orientation using the horizon as a reference. Typically this task is performed via edge-detection vision processing techniques implemented in a computer or digital electronics. We demonst... Read More about UAV horizon tracking using memristors and cellular automata visual processing.

Observation, characterization and modeling of memristor current spikes (2013)
Journal Article
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2013). Observation, characterization and modeling of memristor current spikes. https://doi.org/10.12785/amis/070418

Memristors have been compared to neurons (usually specifically the synapses) since 1976 but no experimental evidence has been offered for support for this position. Here we highlight that memristors naturally form fast-response, highly reproducible a... Read More about Observation, characterization and modeling of memristor current spikes.

Does the D.C. response of memristors allow robotic short-term memory and a possible route to artificial time perception? (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2013, May). Does the D.C. response of memristors allow robotic short-term memory and a possible route to artificial time perception?. Paper presented at Workshop Unconventional Approaches to Robotics, Automation and Control Inspired by Nature (UARACIN) in:, Karlsruhe

Time perception is essential for task switching, and in the mammalian brain appears alongside other processes. Memristors are electronic components used as synapses and as models for neurons. The d.c. response of memristors can be considered as a typ... Read More about Does the D.C. response of memristors allow robotic short-term memory and a possible route to artificial time perception?.

Design of a hybrid robot control system using memristor-model and ant-inspired based information transfer protocols (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2013, May). Design of a hybrid robot control system using memristor-model and ant-inspired based information transfer protocols. Paper presented at Workshop on Unconventional Approaches to Robotics, Automation and Control Inspired by Nature, Karlsruhe

It is not always possible for a robot to process all the information from its sensors in a timely manner and thus quick and yet valid approximations of the robot's situation are needed. Here we design hybrid control for a robot within this limit usin... Read More about Design of a hybrid robot control system using memristor-model and ant-inspired based information transfer protocols.

Manipulating with excitations: Waves or gliders? (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Georgilas, I., Adamatzky, A., & Melhuish, C. (2013, May). Manipulating with excitations: Waves or gliders?. Paper presented at ICRA 2013 Workshop - Unconventional Approaches to Robotics, Automation and Control, Inspired by Nature (UARACIN), Karlsruhe, Germany

Excitable media are classical examples of un- conventional computing devices. Using waves to represent information and wave interactions to represent information processing, excitable media achieve computation versatility comparable to traditional te... Read More about Manipulating with excitations: Waves or gliders?.

Beyond Markov chains, towards adaptive memristor network-based music generation (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., Matthews, O., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2013, April). Beyond Markov chains, towards adaptive memristor network-based music generation. Paper presented at First AISB symposium on Music and Unconventional Computing, University of Exeter, UK

We undertook a study of the use of a memristor network for music generation, making use of the memristor's memory to go beyond the Markov hypothesis. Seed transition matrices are created and populated using memristor equations, and which are shown to... Read More about Beyond Markov chains, towards adaptive memristor network-based music generation.

Toward turing’s A-type unorganised machines in an unconventional substrate: A dynamic representation in compartmentalised excitable chemical media (2013)
Book Chapter
Bull, L., Holley, J., De Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2013). Toward turing’s A-type unorganised machines in an unconventional substrate: A dynamic representation in compartmentalised excitable chemical media. . Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37225-4_11

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013. Turing presented a general representation scheme by which to achieve artificial intelligence – unorganised machines. Significantly, these were a form of discrete dynamical system and yet such representations... Read More about Toward turing’s A-type unorganised machines in an unconventional substrate: A dynamic representation in compartmentalised excitable chemical media.

Bio-development of motorway network in the Netherlands: A slime mould approach (2013)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Lees, M., & Sloot, P. (2013). Bio-development of motorway network in the Netherlands: A slime mould approach. Advances in Complex Systems, 16(2-3), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525912500348

Plasmodium of a cellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a very large eukaryotic microbe visible to the unaided eye. During its foraging behavior the plasmodium spans sources of nutrients with a network of protoplasmic tubes. In this paper we at... Read More about Bio-development of motorway network in the Netherlands: A slime mould approach.

Designing complex dynamics in cellular automata with memory (2013)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & Alonso-Sanz, R. (2013). Designing complex dynamics in cellular automata with memory. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 23(10), 1330035. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127413300358

Since their inception at Macy conferences in later 1940s, complex systems have remained the most controversial topic of interdisciplinary sciences. The term "complex system" is the most vague and liberally used scientific term. Using elementary cellu... Read More about Designing complex dynamics in cellular automata with memory.

Evolution of plastic learning in spiking networks via memristive connections (2012)
Journal Article
Howard, G., Howard, D., Gale, E., Bull, L., De Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2012). Evolution of plastic learning in spiking networks via memristive connections. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 16(5), 711-729. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2011.2170199

This paper presents a spiking neuroevolutionary system which implements memristors as plastic connections, i.e., whose weights can vary during a trial. The evolutionary design process exploits parameter self-adaptation and variable topologies, allowi... Read More about Evolution of plastic learning in spiking networks via memristive connections.

Creating unorganised machines from memristors (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Howard, G. D., Bull, L., Costello, B. D. L., & Adamatzky, A. (2012, September). Creating unorganised machines from memristors. Paper presented at ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Kos, Greece

Manipulating objects with gliders in cellular automata (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Georgilas, I., Adamatzky, A., & Melhuish, C. (2012, August). Manipulating objects with gliders in cellular automata. Paper presented at Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), 2012 IEEE International Conference on, Seoul, Korea

Micro-scale manipulation of objects is a growing requirement in specialised industries, especially those related to assembly of fragile micro-components. Widely implemented techniques in robotics and automation do not always cope with the delicate na... Read More about Manipulating objects with gliders in cellular automata.

Schlauschleimer in Reichsautobahnen: Slime mould imitates motorway network in Germany (2012)
Journal Article
Schubert, T., & Adamatzky, A. (2012). Schlauschleimer in Reichsautobahnen: Slime mould imitates motorway network in Germany. Kybernetes, 41(7), 1050-1071. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684921211257865

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop experimental laboratory biological techniques for approximation of principle transport networks, optimizing transport links, and developing optimal solutions to current transport problems. It also aims... Read More about Schlauschleimer in Reichsautobahnen: Slime mould imitates motorway network in Germany.

On architectures of circuits implemented in simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky droplets (2012)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Holley, J., Dittrich, P., Gorecki, J., De Lacy Costello, B., Zauner, K. P., & Bull, L. (2012). On architectures of circuits implemented in simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky droplets. BioSystems, 109(1), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.12.007

When lipid vesicles filled with Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) excitable chemical medium are packed in tight assembles, waves of excitation may travel between the vesicles. When several waves meet in a vesicle some fragments may deflect, others can annihi... Read More about On architectures of circuits implemented in simulated Belousov-Zhabotinsky droplets.

Time-dependent wave selection for information processing in excitable media (2012)
Journal Article
Costello, B. D. L., Stevens, W. M., Adamatzky, A., Jahan, I., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2012). Time-dependent wave selection for information processing in excitable media. Physical Review E, 85(6), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.85.066129

We demonstrate an improved technique for implementing logic circuits in light-sensitive chemical excitable media. The technique makes use of the constant-speed propagation of waves along defined channels in an excitable medium based on the Belousov-Z... Read More about Time-dependent wave selection for information processing in excitable media.

Different behaviour seen in flexible titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors dependent on the choice of electrode material (2012)
Book Chapter
Gale, E., Pearson, D., Kitson, S., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2012). Different behaviour seen in flexible titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors dependent on the choice of electrode material. In J. Heber, D. Schlom, Y. Tokura, R. Waser, & M. Wuttig (Eds.), Technical Digest of Frontiers in Electronic Materials (577-578). Germany: Nature Conferences & Wiley VCH

Fabrication and modelling of titanium dioxide memristors (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2012, June). Fabrication and modelling of titanium dioxide memristors. Poster presented at Royal Society of Chemistry, Younger Members Symposium 2012, Nottingham, UK

Concept – including filamentary conduction in the mem-mon theory of memristance improves the model for ‘triangular’ memristors

Filamentary extension of the mem-con theory of memristance and its application to titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors (2012)
Working Paper
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. Filamentary extension of the mem-con theory of memristance and its application to titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors. Bristol

Titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors have two different modes of operation, believed to be dependent on whether there is bulk memristance, i.e. memristance throughout the whole volume or filamentary memristance, i.e. memristance caused by the connecti... Read More about Filamentary extension of the mem-con theory of memristance and its application to titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors.

The effect of electrode size on memristor properties: an experimental and theoretical study (2012)
Working Paper
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. The effect of electrode size on memristor properties: an experimental and theoretical study. Bristol

The width of the electrodes is not included in the current phenomenological models of memristance, but is included in the memory-conservation (mem-con) theory of memristance. An experimental study of the effect of changing the top electrode width was... Read More about The effect of electrode size on memristor properties: an experimental and theoretical study.

Physarum attraction: Why slime mold behaves as cats do? (2012)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2012). Physarum attraction: Why slime mold behaves as cats do?. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 5(3), 297-299. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.19924

We discuss potential chemical substances responsible for attracting acellular slime mold Physarun polycephalum to valerian root. The contributes toward fundamental research into pheromones and chemo-attracts of primitive organisms such as slime molds... Read More about Physarum attraction: Why slime mold behaves as cats do?.

Cartesian genetic programming for memristive logic circuits (2012)
Journal Article
Howard, G. D., Bull, L., & Adamatzky, A. (2012). Cartesian genetic programming for memristive logic circuits. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 7244 LNCS, 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29139-5_4

In this paper memristive logic circuits are evolved using Cartesian Genetic Programming. Graphs comprised of implication logic (IMP) nodes are compared to more ubiquitous NAND circuitry on a number of logic circuit problems and a robotic control task... Read More about Cartesian genetic programming for memristive logic circuits.

Cellular automaton supercollider: An abstract model (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2012, April). Cellular automaton supercollider: An abstract model. Presented at Unconventional Computing, City Univeristy of Hong Kong & Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, P. R. China

A virtual accelerator that smashes together glider-like particles inside a cellular automaton can perform computations, say researchers. By KFC [http://www.technologyreview.com/printer_friendly_blog.aspx?id=26808]

Emergence of self-organized amoeboid movement in a multi-agent approximation of Physarum polycephalum (2012)
Journal Article
Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2012). Emergence of self-organized amoeboid movement in a multi-agent approximation of Physarum polycephalum. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 7(1), 016009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/016009

The giant single-celled slime mould Physarum polycephalum exhibits complex morphological adaptation and amoeboid movement as it forages for food and may be seen as a minimal example of complex robotic behaviour. Swarm computation has previously been... Read More about Emergence of self-organized amoeboid movement in a multi-agent approximation of Physarum polycephalum.

The world's colonization and trade routes formation as imitated by slime mould (2012)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2012). The world's colonization and trade routes formation as imitated by slime mould. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 22(8), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127412300285

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is renowned for spanning sources of nutrients with networks of protoplasmic tubes. The networks transport nutrients and metabolites across the plasmodium's body. To imitate a hypothetical colonization of the wo... Read More about The world's colonization and trade routes formation as imitated by slime mould.

Towards an intelligent distributed conveyor (2012)
Journal Article
Georgilas, I., Adamatzky, A., & Melhuish, C. (2012). Towards an intelligent distributed conveyor. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 7429, 457-458

Manipulation, orientation and handling of components, subparts and finished products is an essential element of any industrial process, which attracts substantial portion of resources and infrastructure. A classic manipulation, e.g. robot arms, is no... Read More about Towards an intelligent distributed conveyor.

Towards physarum engines (2012)
Journal Article
Tsuda, S., Jones, J., & Adamatzky, A. (2012). Towards physarum engines. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 9(3), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.3233/ABB-2012-0059

The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a suitable candidate organism for soft-matter robotics because it exhibits controllable transport, movement and guidance behaviour. Physarum may be considered as a smart computing and actuating material since... Read More about Towards physarum engines.

Complex dynamics of elementary cellular automata emerging from chaotic rules (2012)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & Alonso-Sanz, R. (2012). Complex dynamics of elementary cellular automata emerging from chaotic rules. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 22(2), https://doi.org/10.1142/S021812741250023X

We show techniques of analyzing complex dynamics of cellular automata (CA) with chaotic behavior. CA are well-known computational substrates for studying emergent collective behavior, complexity, randomness and interaction between order and chaotic s... Read More about Complex dynamics of elementary cellular automata emerging from chaotic rules.

Computing with liquid crystal fingers: Models of geometric and logical computation (2011)
Journal Article
Younger, D., Matranga, M. A., Kitson, S., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2011). Computing with liquid crystal fingers: Models of geometric and logical computation. Physical Review E, 84(6), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.061702

When a voltage is applied across a thin layer of cholesteric liquid crystal, fingers of cholesteric alignment can form and propagate in the layer. In computer simulation, based on experimental laboratory results, we demonstrate that these cholesteric... Read More about Computing with liquid crystal fingers: Models of geometric and logical computation.

Comparison of ant-inspired gatherer allocation approaches using memristor-based environmental models (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2011, December). Comparison of ant-inspired gatherer allocation approaches using memristor-based environmental models. Paper presented at Bioadcom 2011 Workshop on Bio-inspired Approaches to Advanced Computing and Communications (BioAdcom2011), York, England

Memristors are used to compare three gathering techniques in an already-mapped environment where resource locations are known. The All Site model, which apportions gatherers based on the modeled memristance of that path, proves to be good at increasi... Read More about Comparison of ant-inspired gatherer allocation approaches using memristor-based environmental models.

Logical and arithmetic circuits in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks (2011)
Journal Article
Holley, J., Jahan, I., De Lacy Costello, B., Bull, L., & Adamatzky, A. (2011). Logical and arithmetic circuits in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks. Physical Review E, 84(5), 056110. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.056110

Excitation waves on a subexcitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) substrate can be manipulated by chemical variations in the substrate and by interactions with other waves. Symbolic assignment and interpretation of wave dynamics can be used to perform log... Read More about Logical and arithmetic circuits in Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated disks.

Neuromorphic computing with memristors: Preliminary experimental results (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2011, November). Neuromorphic computing with memristors: Preliminary experimental results. Poster presented at Building Bridges to Build Brains, Edinburgh

Individual memristors have been observed demonstrating neuron-like spiking patterns. It has been shown elsewhere that memristors provide superior modelling for neurons then the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Due to these results we expect memristors to be e... Read More about Neuromorphic computing with memristors: Preliminary experimental results.

On computing in fine-grained compartmentalised Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Holley, J., Bull, L., & De Lacy Costello, B. (2011). On computing in fine-grained compartmentalised Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 44(10), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2011.03.010

We introduce results of computer experiments on information processing in a hexagonal array of vesicles filled with Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) solution in a sub-excitable mode. We represent values of Boolean variables by excitation wave-fragments and... Read More about On computing in fine-grained compartmentalised Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium.

Vesicle computers: Approximating a Voronoi diagram using Voronoi automata (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., Holley, J., Gorecki, J., & Bull, L. (2011). Vesicle computers: Approximating a Voronoi diagram using Voronoi automata. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 44(7), 480-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2011.01.016

Irregular arrangements of vesicles filled with excitable and precipitating chemical systems are imitated by Voronoi automata - finite-state machines defined on a planar Voronoi diagram. Every Voronoi cell takes four states: resting, excited, refracto... Read More about Vesicle computers: Approximating a Voronoi diagram using Voronoi automata.

Aluminium electrodes effect the operation of titanium oxide sol-gel memristors (2011)
Working Paper
Gale, E., Pearson, D., Kitson, S., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. Aluminium electrodes effect the operation of titanium oxide sol-gel memristors. Bristol

By a comparison between memristors made with aluminium and gold electrodes, this letter demonstrates that aluminium electrodes are an essential component of the TiO$_2$ sol-gel flexible memristor . Both slow varying `analogue' and sudden switching `d... Read More about Aluminium electrodes effect the operation of titanium oxide sol-gel memristors.

Evolving spiking networks with variable memristors (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Howard, G. D., Gale, E., Bull, L., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2011, June). Evolving spiking networks with variable memristors. Paper presented at 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation

Sounds synthesis with slime mould of Physarum Polycephalum (2011)
Journal Article
Miranda, E. R., Adamatzky, A., & Jones, J. (2011). Sounds synthesis with slime mould of Physarum Polycephalum. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 8(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529%2811%2960016-4

This paper introduces a novel application of bionic engineering: a bionic musical instrument using Physarum polycephalum. Physarum polycephalum is a huge single cell with thousands of nuclei, which behaves like a giant amoeba. During its foraging beh... Read More about Sounds synthesis with slime mould of Physarum Polycephalum.

On electrical correlates of physarum polycephalum spatial activity: Can we see physarum machine in the dark? (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Jones, J. (2011). On electrical correlates of physarum polycephalum spatial activity: Can we see physarum machine in the dark?. Biophysical Reviews and Letters, 6(1-2), 29-57. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793048011001257

Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by unaided eye, which spans sources of nutrients with its protoplasmic network. In a very simple experimental setup we recorded electric potential of the propagating plasmodium. We discover... Read More about On electrical correlates of physarum polycephalum spatial activity: Can we see physarum machine in the dark?.

On attraction of slime mould Physarum polycephalum to plants with sedative properties (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2011). On attraction of slime mould Physarum polycephalum to plants with sedative properties. Nature Precedings, https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2011.5985.1

A plasmodium of acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a large single cell with many nuclei. Presented to a configuration of attracting and repelling stimuli a plasmodium optimizes its growth pattern and spans the attractants, while avoiding... Read More about On attraction of slime mould Physarum polycephalum to plants with sedative properties.

Computer scientists build cellular automaton supercollider (2011)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2011). Computer scientists build cellular automaton supercollider. Technology review,

A virtual accelerator that smashes together glider-like particles inside a cellular automaton can perform computations, say researchers.

Towards evolving spiking networks with memristive synapses (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Howard, G. D., Gale, E., Bull, L., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2011, April). Towards evolving spiking networks with memristive synapses. Paper presented at IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE), 2011, Paris, France

This paper presents a spiking neuro-evolutionary system which implements memristors as neuromodulatory connections, ie whose weights can vary during a trial. The evolutionary design process exploits parameter self-adaptation and a constructionist app... Read More about Towards evolving spiking networks with memristive synapses.

Cellular automaton supercolliders (2011)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., Stephens, C. R., & Hoeflich, A. F. (2011). Cellular automaton supercolliders. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 22(4), 419-439. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183111016348

Gliders in one-dimensional cellular automata are compact groups of non-quiescent and non-ether patterns (ether represents a periodic background) translating along automaton lattice. They are cellular automaton analogous of localizations or quasi-loca... Read More about Cellular automaton supercolliders.

Towards constructing one-bit binary adder in excitable chemical medium (2011)
Journal Article
de Lacy Costello, B., Adamatzky, A., Jahan, I., & Zhang, L. (2011). Towards constructing one-bit binary adder in excitable chemical medium. Chemical Physics, 381(1-3), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.01.014

The light-sensitive modification (ruthenium catalysed) of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction exhibits various excitability regimes depending on the level of illumination. Within a narrow range of applied illumination levels the medium is in a sub-exci... Read More about Towards constructing one-bit binary adder in excitable chemical medium.

Computational modalities of Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated vesicles (2011)
Journal Article
Holley, J., Adamatzky, A., Bull, L., De Lacy Costello, B., & Jahan, I. (2011). Computational modalities of Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated vesicles. Nano Communication Networks, 2(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2011.02.002

We present both simulated and partial empirical evidences for the computational utility of many connected vesicle analogues of an encapsulated nonlinear chemical processing medium. By connecting small vesicles containing a solution of sub-excitable B... Read More about Computational modalities of Belousov-Zhabotinsky encapsulated vesicles.

Memristive excitable cellular automata (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Chua, L. (2011). Memristive excitable cellular automata. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 21(11), 3083-3102. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127411030611

The memristor is a device whose resistance changes depending on the polarity and magnitude of a voltage applied to the device's terminals. We design a minimalistic model of a regular network of memristors using structurally-dynamic cellular automata.... Read More about Memristive excitable cellular automata.

Towards arithmetic circuits in sub-excitable chemical media (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., Bull, L., & Holley, J. (2011). Towards arithmetic circuits in sub-excitable chemical media. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 51(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201000046

A sub-excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium exhibits localized travelling excitations (in contrast to an excitable medium exhibiting target or spiral waves). Initially assymetric perturbations give birth to excitation wave-fragments. The shape and ve... Read More about Towards arithmetic circuits in sub-excitable chemical media.

Towards physarum robots (2011)
Book Chapter
Jones, J., Tsuda, S., & Adamatzky, A. (2011). Towards physarum robots. In Y. Meng, & Y. Jin (Eds.), Bio-Inspired Self-Organizing Robotic Systems (215-251). Springer-Verlag

Routing physarum with electrical flow/current (2011)
Journal Article
Tsuda, S., Jones, J., Adamatzky, A., & Mills, J. (2011). Routing physarum with electrical flow/current. International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 3(2), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2011040104

Plasmodium stage of Physarum polycephalum behaves as a distributed dynamical pattern formation mechanism, where foraging and migration is influenced by local stimuli from a range of attractants and repellents. Complex protoplasmic tube network struct... Read More about Routing physarum with electrical flow/current.

On polymorphic logical gates in subexcitable chemical medium (2011)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2011). On polymorphic logical gates in subexcitable chemical medium. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 21(07), 1977-1986. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127411029574

In a subexcitable light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) chemical medium an asymmetric disturbance causes the formation of localized traveling wave-fragments. Under the right conditions these wave-fragments can conserve their shape and velocity ve... Read More about On polymorphic logical gates in subexcitable chemical medium.

On the internalisation, intraplasmodial carriage and excretion of metallic nanoparticles in the slime mould, Physarum polycephalum (2011)
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Patton, D., Costello, B. D. L., Adamatzky, A., & Patton, R. C. (2011). On the internalisation, intraplasmodial carriage and excretion of metallic nanoparticles in the slime mould, Physarum polycephalum. International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 3(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijnmc.2011070101

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a large single cell visible with the naked eye. When inoculated on a substrate with attractants and repellents the plasmodium develops optimal networks of protoplasmic tubes which span sites of attractants (... Read More about On the internalisation, intraplasmodial carriage and excretion of metallic nanoparticles in the slime mould, Physarum polycephalum.

Stochastic automated search methods in cellular automata: The discovery of tens of thousands of glider guns (2010)
Journal Article
Sapin, E., Adamatzky, A., Collet, P., & Bull, L. (2010). Stochastic automated search methods in cellular automata: The discovery of tens of thousands of glider guns. Natural Computing, 9(3), 513-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-009-9109-0

This paper deals with the spontaneous emergence of glider guns in cellular automata. An evolutionary search for glider guns with different parameters is described and other search techniques are also presented to provide a benchmark. We demonstrate t... Read More about Stochastic automated search methods in cellular automata: The discovery of tens of thousands of glider guns.

Computation with competing patterns in life-like automaton (2010)
Book Chapter
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., Morita, K., & Margenstern, M. (2010). Computation with competing patterns in life-like automaton. In A. Adamatzky (Ed.), Game of life cellular automata (547-572). Springer

We study a Life-like cellular automaton rule B2/S2345 where a cell in state `0' takes state `1' if it has exactly two neighbors in state `1' and the cell remains in the state `1' if it has between two and five neighbors in state `1.' This automaton i... Read More about Computation with competing patterns in life-like automaton.

Operating binary strings using gliders and eaters in reaction-diffusion cellular automaton (2010)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., Zhang, L., & Wuensche, A. (2010). Operating binary strings using gliders and eaters in reaction-diffusion cellular automaton. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 52(1-2), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2010.02.006

We study transformations of 2-, 4- and 6-bit numbers in interactions between traveling and stationary localizations in the Spiral Rule reaction-diffusion cellular automaton. The Spiral Rule automaton is a hexagonal ternary-state two-dimensional cellu... Read More about Operating binary strings using gliders and eaters in reaction-diffusion cellular automaton.

Computation with competing patterns in Life-like automaton: Binary adder implementation (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Genaro J., M., Kenichi, M., Adamatzky, A., & Maurice, M. (2010, June). Computation with competing patterns in Life-like automaton: Binary adder implementation. Presented at 9th International Conference on Unconventional Computation 2010, Univerisy of Tokyo, Japan

We study Life-like cellular automaton rule B2/S2345. This automaton exhibits a chaotic behaviour yet capable for purposeful computation. The automaton implements Boolean gates via patterns which compete for the space when propagate in channels. Value... Read More about Computation with competing patterns in Life-like automaton: Binary adder implementation.

How to make dull cellular automata complex by adding memory: Rule 126 case study (2010)
Journal Article
Seck-Tuoh-Mora, J. C., Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., Mora, J. C., & Alonso-Sanz, R. (2010). How to make dull cellular automata complex by adding memory: Rule 126 case study. Complexity, 15(6), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20311

Using Rule 126 elementary cellular automaton (ECA), we demonstrate that a chaotic discrete system - when enriched with memory - hence exhibits complex dynamics where such space exploits on an ample universe of periodic patterns induced from original... Read More about How to make dull cellular automata complex by adding memory: Rule 126 case study.

Road planning with slime mould: If Physarum built motorways it would route M6/M74 through Newcastle (2010)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Jones, J. (2010). Road planning with slime mould: If Physarum built motorways it would route M6/M74 through Newcastle. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 20(10), 3065-3084. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127410027568

Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by unaided eye. During its foraging behavior the cell spans spatially distributed sources of nutrients with a protoplasmic network. Geometrical structure of the protoplasmic networks allows... Read More about Road planning with slime mould: If Physarum built motorways it would route M6/M74 through Newcastle.

On generative morphological diversity of elementary cellular automata (2010)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & Martinez, G. J. (2010). On generative morphological diversity of elementary cellular automata. Kybernetes, 39(1), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684921011021282

Purpose: Studies in complexity of cellular automata do usually deal with measures taken on integral dynamics or statistical measures of space-time configurations. No one has tried to analyze a generative power of cellular-automaton machines. The purp... Read More about On generative morphological diversity of elementary cellular automata.

Complex dynamics emerging in Rule 30 with majority memory (2010)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., Alonso-Sanz, R., & Mora, J. C. (2010). Complex dynamics emerging in Rule 30 with majority memory. Complex Systems -Champaign-, 18(3), 345-365

In cellular automata with memory, the unchanged maps of the conventional cellular automata are applied to cells endowed with memory of their past states in some specified interval. We implement Rule 30 automata with a majority memory and show that usi... Read More about Complex dynamics emerging in Rule 30 with majority memory.

Localization dynamics in a binary two-dimensional cellular automaton: The Diffusion Rule (2010)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2010). Localization dynamics in a binary two-dimensional cellular automaton: The Diffusion Rule. Journal of Cellular Automata, 5(4-5), 289-313

We study a two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA), called Diffusion Rule (DR), which exhibits diffusion-like dynamics of propagating patterns. In computational experiments we discover a wide range of mobile and stationary localizations (gliders, osc... Read More about Localization dynamics in a binary two-dimensional cellular automaton: The Diffusion Rule.

Majority adder implementation by competing patterns in life-like rule B2/S2345 (2010)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., Morita, K., Adamatzky, A., & Margenstern, M. (2010). Majority adder implementation by competing patterns in life-like rule B2/S2345. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 6079, 93-104

In this paper we present a two-dimensional chaotic cellular automaton, the Life rule B2/S2345, able to simulate the action of an adder with majority gates, stimulated by gliders collisions transformed as competing patterns. Values of Boolean variable... Read More about Majority adder implementation by competing patterns in life-like rule B2/S2345.

Chemical tessellations - Results of binary and tertiary reactions between metal ions and ferricyanide or ferrocyanide loaded gels (2010)
Journal Article
de Lacy Costello, B., Jahan, I., Hambidge, P., Locking, K., Patel, D., & Adamatzky, A. (2010). Chemical tessellations - Results of binary and tertiary reactions between metal ions and ferricyanide or ferrocyanide loaded gels. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 20(7), 2241-2252. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127410027064

In our recent letter [de Lacy Costello et al., 2009] we described the formation of spontaneous complex tessellations of the plane constructed in simple chemical reactions between drops of metal salts and ferricyanide or ferrocyanide loaded gels. In t... Read More about Chemical tessellations - Results of binary and tertiary reactions between metal ions and ferricyanide or ferrocyanide loaded gels.

Reaction-diffusion controllers for robots (2009)
Book Chapter
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Yokoi, H. (2009). Reaction-diffusion controllers for robots. In A. Adamatzky, & M. Komosinski (Eds.), Artificial Life Models in Hardware (233-264). London: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-530-7_11

Excitable systems, particularly spatially extended media, exhibit a wide variety of travelling patterns and different modes of interaction. The Belousov-Zhabo-tinsky [1] (BZ) reaction is the most well known and extensively studied example of non-line... Read More about Reaction-diffusion controllers for robots.

Artificial life models in hardware (2009)
Book
Komosinski, M., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). A. Adamatzky, & M. Komosinski (Eds.), Artificial life models in hardware. London: Spinger-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-530-7

Hopping, climbing and swimming robots, nano-size neural networks, motorless walkers, slime mould and chemical brains - 'Artificial Life Models in Hardware' offers unique designs and prototypes of life-like creatures in conventional hardware and hybri... Read More about Artificial life models in hardware.

Artificial symbiosis in EcoBots (2009)
Book Chapter
Ieropoulos, I. A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). Artificial symbiosis in EcoBots. In A. Adamatzky, & M. Komosinski (Eds.), Artificial Life Models in Hardware (185-211). London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-530-7_9

Truly autonomous robotic systems will be required to abstract energy from the environment in order to function. Energetic autonomy refers to the ability of an agent, to maintain itself in a viable state for long periods of time. Its behaviour must be... Read More about Artificial symbiosis in EcoBots.

Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata (2009)
Journal Article
Sapin, E., Bull, L., & Adamatzky, A. (2009). Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 4(3), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2009.933097

The emergence of collision based computing in complex systems with local interactions is discussed. Simulations of logic gates have been inspired by the simulation of an AND gate by the Game of Life. The evolutionary algorithm is also used to modify... Read More about Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata.

Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction (2009)
Journal Article
Toth, R., Stone, C., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2009). Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 41(4), 1605-1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2008.07.001

Using the examples of an excitable chemical system (the Belousov–Zhabotinsky medium) and plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum we show that universal computation in a geometrically unconstrained medium is only possible when resources (excitability or c... Read More about Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction.

Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction (2009)
Journal Article
Toth, R., Stone, C., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2009). Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 41(4), 1605-1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2008.07.001

We present experimental verification of wave fragment collisions in the sub-excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium observed previously in simulation [Adamatzky A, De Lacy Costello B. Binary collisions between wave fragments in a sub-excitable Belousov... Read More about Experimental validation of binary collisions between wave fragments in the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

Complex dynamics of cellular automata emerging in chaotic rules (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & Alonso-Sanz, R. (2009, June). Complex dynamics of cellular automata emerging in chaotic rules. Presented at The 3rd International Conference on Complex Systems and Applications, Le Havré University, Normandy, France

We show novel techniques of analysing complex dynamics of cellular automata (CA) with chaotic behaviour. CA are well known computational substrates for studying emergent collective behaviour, complexity, randomness and interaction between order and d... Read More about Complex dynamics of cellular automata emerging in chaotic rules.

Localizations in cellular automata with mutualistic excitation rules (2009)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2009). Localizations in cellular automata with mutualistic excitation rules. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 40(2), 981-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.08.085

Every cell of two-dimensional cellular automaton with eight-cell neighborhood takes three states: resting, excited and refractory, and updates excited to refractory and refractory to resting states unconditionally. A resting cell excites depending on... Read More about Localizations in cellular automata with mutualistic excitation rules.

Spiral formation and degeneration in heterogeneous excitable media (2009)
Journal Article
Toth, R., De Lacy Costello, B., Stone, C., Masere, J., Adamatzky, A., & Bull, L. (2009). Spiral formation and degeneration in heterogeneous excitable media. Physical Review E, 79(3), 035101(R) (4 pages). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.035101

Spontaneous spiral formation occurs when an excitation wave is input to a heterogeneous network of low- and high-light-intensity cells projected onto a light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. The range of network conditions where spirals form... Read More about Spiral formation and degeneration in heterogeneous excitable media.

If BZ medium did spanning trees these would be the same trees as Physarum built (2009)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2009). If BZ medium did spanning trees these would be the same trees as Physarum built. Physics Letters A, 373(10), 952-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.12.070

A sub-excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium exhibits self-localized wave-fragments which may travel for relatively long time preserving their shape. Using Oregonator model of the BZ medium we imitate foraging behavior of a true slime mold, Physa... Read More about If BZ medium did spanning trees these would be the same trees as Physarum built.

Developing proximity graphs by physarum polycephalum: Does the plasmodium follow the toussaint hierarchy? (2009)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A. (2009). Developing proximity graphs by physarum polycephalum: Does the plasmodium follow the toussaint hierarchy?. Parallel Processing Letters, 19(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129626409000109

Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum spans sources of nutrients and constructs varieties of protoplasmic networks during its foraging behavior. When the plasmodium is placed on a substrate populated with sources of nutrients, it spans the sources with... Read More about Developing proximity graphs by physarum polycephalum: Does the plasmodium follow the toussaint hierarchy?.

Implementation of glider guns in the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium (2009)
Journal Article
De Lacy Costello, B., Toth, R., Stone, C., Adamatzky, A., & Bull, L. (2009). Implementation of glider guns in the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium. Physical Review E, 79(2), 026114. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.026114

In cellular automata models a glider gun is an oscillating pattern of nonquiescent states that periodically emits traveling localizations (gliders). The glider streams can be combined to construct functionally complete systems of logical gates and th... Read More about Implementation of glider guns in the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium.

On simultaneous construction of Voronoi diagram and delaunay triangulation by physarum polycephalum (2009)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Shirakawa, T., Gunji, Y. P., & Miyake, Y. (2009). On simultaneous construction of Voronoi diagram and delaunay triangulation by physarum polycephalum. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 19(9), 3109-3117. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127409024682

We experimentally demonstrate that both Voronoi diagram and its dual graph Delaunay triangulation are simultaneously constructed for specific conditions in cultures of plasmodium, a vegetative state of Physarum polycephalum. Every point of a given pl... Read More about On simultaneous construction of Voronoi diagram and delaunay triangulation by physarum polycephalum.

Reaction diffusion computers (2009)
Book
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Asai, T. (2009). Reaction diffusion computers. Springer Verlag, London

Chemical tessellations (2009)
Journal Article
de Lacy Costello, B., Jahan, I., Adamatzky, A., & Ratcliffe, N. M. (2009). Chemical tessellations. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 19(2), 619-622. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127409023238

We report a simple set of chemical reactions based on the reaction of a range of metal salts with potassium ferricyanide loaded gels that spontaneously produce complex and colorful tessellations of the plane. These reactions provide a great resource... Read More about Chemical tessellations.

Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm (2008)
Journal Article
Toth, R., Stone, C., Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2008). Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm. Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(18), 184708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2932252

We propose that the behavior of nonlinear media can be controlled dynamically through coevolutionary systems. In this study, a light-sensitive subexcitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction is controlled using a heterogeneous cellular automaton. A checke... Read More about Dynamic control and information processing in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction using a coevolutionary algorithm.

Coevolving cellular automata with memory for chemical computing: Boolean logic gates in the BZ reaction (2008)
Book Chapter
Stone, C., Toth, R., de Lacy Costello, B., Bull, L., & Adamatzky, A. (2008). Coevolving cellular automata with memory for chemical computing: Boolean logic gates in the BZ reaction. In G. Rudolph, T. Jansen, S. M. Lucas, C. Poloni, & N. Beume (Eds.), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN X: 10th International Conference Dortmund, Germany, September 13-17, 2008 (579-588). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer

On logical gates in precipitating medium: Cellular automaton model (2008)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2008). On logical gates in precipitating medium: Cellular automaton model. Physics Letters A, 372(31), 5115-5119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.05.087

We study a two-dimensional semi-totalistic binary cell-state cellular automaton, which imitates a reversible precipitation in an abstract chemical medium. The systems exhibits a non-trivial growth and nucleation. We demonstrate how basic computationa... Read More about On logical gates in precipitating medium: Cellular automaton model.

Computation by competing patterns: life rule B2/S2345678 (2008)
Presentation / Conference
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., McIntosh, H. V., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2008, June). Computation by competing patterns: life rule B2/S2345678. Paper presented at Automata 2008, Bristol, UK

Computation by competing patterns: life rule B2/S2345678 (2008)
Book Chapter
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., McIntosh, H. V., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2008). Computation by competing patterns: life rule B2/S2345678. In A. Adamatzky, R. Alonso-Sanz, A. Lawniczak, G. J. Martinez, K. Morita, & T. Worsch (Eds.), Automata 2008: Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata (356-367). Frome: Luniver Press

Patterns, originating from different sources of perturbations, propagating in a precipitating chemical medium do usually compete for the space. They sub-divide the medium onto the regions unique for an initial configuration of disturbances. This sub-... Read More about Computation by competing patterns: life rule B2/S2345678.

Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata (2008)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., Bull, L., Collet, P., & Sapin, E. (2008). Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 19(04), 557-567. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183108012376

We consider hexagonal cellular automata with immediate cell neighbourhood and three cell-states. Every cell calculates its next state depending on the integral representation of states in its neighbourhood, i.e., how many neighbours are in each one s... Read More about Evolving localizations in reaction-diffusion cellular automata.

Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system (2008)
Journal Article
Bull, L., Budd, A., Stone, C., Uroukov, I., Costello, B. D. L., & Adamatzky, A. (2008). Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system. Artificial Life, 14(2), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.2.203

We propose that the behavior of nonlinear media can be controlled automatically through evolutionary learning. By extension, forms of unconventional computing (viz., massively parallel nonlinear computers) can be realized by such an approach. In this... Read More about Towards unconventional computing through simulated evolution: Control of nonlinear media by a learning classifier system.

Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers (2008)
Journal Article
Budd, A., Stone, C., Masere, J., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2008). Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers. International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 4(1), 13-22

The behaviour of pulses of Belousov-Zhabotinski (BZ) reaction diffusion waves can be controlled automatically through machine learning. By extension, a form of chemical network computing, i.e., a massively parallel non-linear Computer, can be realise... Read More about Initial results from the use of evolutionary learning to control chemical computers.

Universal computation with limited resources: Belousov-Zhabotinsky and physarum computers (2008)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., De Lacy Costello, B., & Shirakawa, T. (2008). Universal computation with limited resources: Belousov-Zhabotinsky and physarum computers. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 18(08), 2373-2389. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127408021750

Using the examples of an excitable chemical system (the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium) and plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum we show that universal computation in a geometrically unconstrained medium is only possible when resources (excitability or c... Read More about Universal computation with limited resources: Belousov-Zhabotinsky and physarum computers.

Non-linear media based computers: chemical and neuronal networks through machine learning (2008)
Report
Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., Husbands, P., O’Shea, M., Purcell, W., & Taylor, A. (2008). Non-linear media based computers: chemical and neuronal networks through machine learning

There is growing interest in research into the development of hybrid wetware-silicon devices focused on exploiting their potential for 'non-linear computing'. The aim is to harness the as yet only partially understood intricate dynamics of non-linear... Read More about Non-linear media based computers: chemical and neuronal networks through machine learning.

On the representation of gliders in Rule 54 by de Bruijn and cycle diagrams (2008)
Journal Article
Martinez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2008). On the representation of gliders in Rule 54 by de Bruijn and cycle diagrams. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 5191, 83-91

Rule 54, in Wolfram’s notation, is one of elementary yet complexly behaving one-dimensional cellular automata. The automaton supports gliders, glider guns and other non-trivial long transients. We show how to characterize gliders in Rule 54 by diagra... Read More about On the representation of gliders in Rule 54 by de Bruijn and cycle diagrams.

Unconventional computing 2007 (2007)
Book
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., Bull, L., Stepney, S., & Teuscher, C. (2007). Unconventional computing 2007. Frome: Luniver Press

Towards machine learning control of chemical computers (2006)
Book Chapter
Budd, A., Stone, C., Masere, J., Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Bull, L. (2006). Towards machine learning control of chemical computers. In A. Adamatzky, & C. Teuscher (Eds.), From Utopian to Genuine Unconventional Computers (17-36). Frome, UK: Luniver Press

Phenomenology of glider collisions in cellular automaton Rule 54 and associated logical gates (2006)
Journal Article
Martínez, G. J., Adamatzky, A., & McIntosh, H. V. (2006). Phenomenology of glider collisions in cellular automaton Rule 54 and associated logical gates. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 28(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.05.013

Rule 54, a two state, three neighbor cellular automaton in Wolfram's systems of nomenclature, is less complex that Rule 110, but nevertheless possess a rich and complex dynamics. We provide a systematic and exhaustive analysis of glider behavior and... Read More about Phenomenology of glider collisions in cellular automaton Rule 54 and associated logical gates.

Phenomenology of reaction-diffusion binary-state cellular automata (2006)
Journal Article
Mora, J. C. S. T., Martínez, G. J., & Adamatzky, A. (2006). Phenomenology of reaction-diffusion binary-state cellular automata. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 16(10), 2985-3005. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127406016598

We study a binary-cell-state eight-cell neighborhood two-dimensional cellular automaton model of a quasi-chemical system with a substrate and a reagent. Reactions are represented by semitotalistic transitions rules: every cell switches from state 0 t... Read More about Phenomenology of reaction-diffusion binary-state cellular automata.

Towards predicting spatial complexity: a learning classifier system approach to the identification of cellular automata (2005)
Presentation / Conference
Bull, L., Lawson, I., Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2005, September). Towards predicting spatial complexity: a learning classifier system approach to the identification of cellular automata. Paper presented at IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2005, Edinburgh, UK

This paper presents a novel approach to the programming of automata-based simulation and computation using a machine learning technique. The identification of lattice-based automata for real-world applications is cast as a data mining problem. Our ap... Read More about Towards predicting spatial complexity: a learning classifier system approach to the identification of cellular automata.

Experimental implementation of collision-based gates in Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium (2005)
Journal Article
de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. (2005). Experimental implementation of collision-based gates in Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 25(3), 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.11.056

We experimentally demonstrate that excitation wave-fragments in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) medium with immobilised catalyst can be used to build elementary logical gates and circuits. Following our previous theoretical constructions [Adamatzky A. Co... Read More about Experimental implementation of collision-based gates in Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium.

Reaction-diffusion computers (2005)
Book
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Asai, T. (2005). Reaction-diffusion computers. Elsevier

The interdisciplinary research monograph, which has been peer-reviewed by several international experts assigned by Elsevier, introduces ground breaking original results in formal paradigms, architectures and laboratory implementations of computers b... Read More about Reaction-diffusion computers.

Experimental implementation of mobile robot taxis with onboard Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical medium (2004)
Journal Article
Ratcliffe, N., Adamatzky, A., Costello, B. D. L., & Melhuish, C. (2004). Experimental implementation of mobile robot taxis with onboard Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical medium. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 24(4), 541-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.02.002

We discuss the first-ever experimental realization of the onboard excitable chemical controller for stimulus-guided navigation of mobile robots. We demonstrate that the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in the form of an onboard thin layer chemical... Read More about Experimental implementation of mobile robot taxis with onboard Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical medium.

Reaction-diffusion navigation robot control: From chemical to VLSI analogic processors (2004)
Journal Article
Rodríguez-Vázquez, A., De Lacy Costello, B., Carmona-Galán, R., Arena, P., Adamatzky, A., Basile, A., …Frasca, M. (2004). Reaction-diffusion navigation robot control: From chemical to VLSI analogic processors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 51(5), 926-938. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2004.827654

We introduce a new methodology and experimental implementations for real-time wave-based robot navigation in a complex, dynamically changing environment. The main idea behind the approach is to consider the robot arena as an excitable medium, in whic... Read More about Reaction-diffusion navigation robot control: From chemical to VLSI analogic processors.

The formation of voronoi diagrams in chemical and physical systems: Experimental findings and theoretical models (2004)
Journal Article
Purwins, H. G., de Lacy Costello, B., Ratcliffe, N. M., Adamatzky, A., Zanin, A. L., & Liehr, A. W. (2004). The formation of voronoi diagrams in chemical and physical systems: Experimental findings and theoretical models. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 14(7), 2187-2210. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021812740401059X

The work discusses the formation of Voronoi diagrams in spatially extended nonlinear systems taking experimental and theoretical results into account. Concerning experimental systems a number of chemical systems used previously as prototype chemical... Read More about The formation of voronoi diagrams in chemical and physical systems: Experimental findings and theoretical models.

Experimental reaction-diffusion chemical processors for robot path planning (2003)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., Ratcliffe, N. M., & Melhuish, C. (2003). Experimental reaction-diffusion chemical processors for robot path planning. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 37(3), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1025414424756

In this paper we discuss the experimental implementation of a chemical reaction-diffusion processor for robot motion planning in terms of finding the shortest collision-free path for a robot moving in an arena with obstacles. These reaction-diffusion... Read More about Experimental reaction-diffusion chemical processors for robot path planning.

Experimental logical gates in a reaction-diffusion medium: The XOR gate and beyond (2002)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2002). Experimental logical gates in a reaction-diffusion medium: The XOR gate and beyond. Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics, 66(4), 6. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.046112

We exploit the particulars of diffusive wave front interactions in certain types of two-reactant reaction-diffusion medium to construct a laboratory prototype of an XOR gate. In the design, the values of the logic variables are represented by the pre... Read More about Experimental logical gates in a reaction-diffusion medium: The XOR gate and beyond.

Collision-free path planning in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium assisted by a cellular automaton (2002)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., & de Lacy Costello, B. (2002). Collision-free path planning in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium assisted by a cellular automaton. Naturwissenschaften, 89(10), 474-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0363-6

We offer a new approach to computing a shortest collision-free path in a space containing obstacles, using an experimental chemical processor, based on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The chemical processor was then coupled via optical links... Read More about Collision-free path planning in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium assisted by a cellular automaton.

Experimental reaction-diffusion pre-processor for shape recognition (2002)
Journal Article
Adamatzky, A., de Lacy Costello, B., & Ratcliffe, N. M. (2002). Experimental reaction-diffusion pre-processor for shape recognition. Physics Letters A, 297(5-6), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601%2802%2900289-X

We have produced an experimental implementation of a massively-parallel reaction-diffusion processor which performs one of the most essential parts of shape recognition - construction of a skeleton. A skeleton is a unique, stable and invariant repres... Read More about Experimental reaction-diffusion pre-processor for shape recognition.

Spontaneous bursting spike patterns seen in simple three memristor circuits
Journal Article
Gale, E., de Lacy Costello, B., & Adamatzky, A. Spontaneous bursting spike patterns seen in simple three memristor circuits

The distinctive switching spikes seen in single memristors are suppressed in networks of memristors. Instead oscillatory behaviour interrrupted by spontaneous irregular bursting spike patterns are seen. An investigation of two and three memrisor circ... Read More about Spontaneous bursting spike patterns seen in simple three memristor circuits.

On loading slime mould Physarum polycephalum with metallic particles
Journal Article
Mayne, R., Patton, D., de Lacy Costello, B., Patton, R., & Adamatzky, A. On loading slime mould Physarum polycephalum with metallic particles

Plasmodium \emph{Physarum polycephalum} is a large single cell visible with the naked eye. When inoculated on a substrate with attractants and repellents the plasmodium develops optimal networks of protoplasmic tubes which span sites of attractants (... Read More about On loading slime mould Physarum polycephalum with metallic particles.

Slime extralligence: Developing a wearable sensorial and computing network with physarum polycephalum
Working Paper
Adamatzky, A., & Schubert, T. Slime extralligence: Developing a wearable sensorial and computing network with physarum polycephalum

We proposed, and partly implement in laboratory conditions, an intelligent adaptive living network wearable by humans and robots. When grown on 3D bodies (living or inanimate) the living Physarum network provide a highly-distributed sensorial struc... Read More about Slime extralligence: Developing a wearable sensorial and computing network with physarum polycephalum.