Outputs (192)

Energy harvesting from plants using hybrid microbial fuel cells; potential applications and future exploitation (2024)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Thorn, R., Willey, N., & Ieropoulos, I. (2024). Energy harvesting from plants using hybrid microbial fuel cells; potential applications and future exploitation. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12, Article 1276176. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1276176

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) can be fuelled using biomass derived from dead plant material and can operate on plant produced chemicals such as sugars, carbohydrates, polysaccharides and cellulose, as well as being “fed” on a regular diet of primary bio... Read More about Energy harvesting from plants using hybrid microbial fuel cells; potential applications and future exploitation.

Impact of disinfectant on the electrical outputs of urine-fed ceramic and membrane-less microbial fuel cell cascades (2024)
Journal Article
You, J., Walter, X. A., Gajda, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2024). Impact of disinfectant on the electrical outputs of urine-fed ceramic and membrane-less microbial fuel cell cascades. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 57, 759-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.042

The application of microbial fuel cells in sanitation has demonstrated feasibility in supplying electricity and providing safety in underserved communities, especially at toilet blocks. Two different designs of urine fed MFC cascades, ceramic MFCs (c... Read More about Impact of disinfectant on the electrical outputs of urine-fed ceramic and membrane-less microbial fuel cell cascades.

Microbial fuel cell compared to a chemostat (2022)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Mendis, B. A., Gajda, I., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2022). Microbial fuel cell compared to a chemostat. Chemosphere, 296, Article 133967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133967

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) represent a green and sustainable energy conversion system that integrate bacterial biofilms within an electrochemical two-electrode set-up to produce electricity from organic waste. In this review, we focus on a novel exp... Read More about Microbial fuel cell compared to a chemostat.

Microbial fuel cells in the house: A study on real household wastewater samples for treatment and power (2021)
Journal Article
You, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2021). Microbial fuel cells in the house: A study on real household wastewater samples for treatment and power. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 48, Article 101618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101618

In line with the global movement towards sustainable buildings and dwellings, this work investigated the potential for integrating microbial fuel cell technology into future architecture. Various types of domestic greywater and wastewater from five d... Read More about Microbial fuel cells in the house: A study on real household wastewater samples for treatment and power.

Microbial fuel cells and their electrified biofilms (2021)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Gajda, I., You, J., Mendis, B. A., Obata, O., Pasternak, G., & Ieropoulos, I. (2021). Microbial fuel cells and their electrified biofilms. Biofilms, 3, Article 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100057

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) represent a wide range of different biofilm-based bioreactors that includes microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and microbial desalination cells (MDCs). The first described bioelectrical b... Read More about Microbial fuel cells and their electrified biofilms.

Electrosynthesis, modulation, and self-driven electroseparation in microbial fuel cells (2021)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., You, J., Mendis, B. A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2021). Electrosynthesis, modulation, and self-driven electroseparation in microbial fuel cells. iScience, 24(8), Article 102805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102805

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) represents a sustainable platform that converts waste into resources, using microorganisms within an electrochemical cell. Traditionally, MES refers to the oxidation/reduction of a reactant at the electrode surface wi... Read More about Electrosynthesis, modulation, and self-driven electroseparation in microbial fuel cells.

Impact of inoculum type on the microbial community and power performance of urine-fed microbial fuel cells (2020)
Journal Article
Salar-Garcia, M. J., Obata, O., Kurt, H., Chandran, K., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Impact of inoculum type on the microbial community and power performance of urine-fed microbial fuel cells. Microorganisms, 8(12), Article 1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121921

Bacteria are the driving force of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, which benefits from their natural ability to degrade organic matter and generate electricity. The development of an efficient anodic biofilm has a significant impact on the p... Read More about Impact of inoculum type on the microbial community and power performance of urine-fed microbial fuel cells.

Effect of microbial fuel cell operation time on the disinfection efficacy of electrochemically synthesised catholyte from urine (2020)
Journal Article
Merino-Jimenez, I., Obata, O., Pasternak, G., Gajda, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2021). Effect of microbial fuel cell operation time on the disinfection efficacy of electrochemically synthesised catholyte from urine. Process Biochemistry, 101, 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.10.014

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer an excellent solution to tackle some of the major challenges currently faced by humankind: sustainable energy sources, waste management and water stress. Besides treating wastewater and producing useful electricity f... Read More about Effect of microbial fuel cell operation time on the disinfection efficacy of electrochemically synthesised catholyte from urine.

Evaluation of artificial neural network algorithms for predicting the effect of the urine flow rate on the power performance of microbial fuel cells (2020)
Journal Article
de Ramón-Fernández, A., Salar-García, M. J., Ruiz Fernández, D., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Evaluation of artificial neural network algorithms for predicting the effect of the urine flow rate on the power performance of microbial fuel cells. Energy, 213, Article 118806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118806

© 2020 The Authors Microbial fuel cell (MFC) power performance strongly depends on the biofilm growth, which in turn is affected by the feed flow rate. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach has been used to simulate the effect of... Read More about Evaluation of artificial neural network algorithms for predicting the effect of the urine flow rate on the power performance of microbial fuel cells.

Scaling up self-stratifying supercapacitive microbial fuel cell (2020)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Scaling up self-stratifying supercapacitive microbial fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(46), 25240-25248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.070

Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells with three different electrodes sizes and volumes were operated in supercapacitive mode. As the electrodes size increased, the equivalent series resistance decreased, and the overall power was enhanced (small: ES... Read More about Scaling up self-stratifying supercapacitive microbial fuel cell.

Developing 3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs) (2020)
Journal Article
Theodosiou, P., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Developing 3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Molecules, 25(16), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163635

© 2020 by the authors. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) employ microbial electroactive species to convert chemical energy stored in organic matter, into electricity. The properties of MFCs have made the technology attractive for bioenergy production. Howe... Read More about Developing 3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs).

From the lab to the field: Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells stacks directly powering lights (2020)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., You, J., Winfield, J., Bajarunas, U., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). From the lab to the field: Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells stacks directly powering lights. Applied Energy, 277, Article 115514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115514

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology relies on energy storage and harvesting circuitry to deliver stable power outputs. This increases costs, and for wider deployment into society, these should be kept minimal. The present study reports how a MFC... Read More about From the lab to the field: Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells stacks directly powering lights.

Air-breathing cathode self-powered supercapacitive microbial fuel cell with human urine as electrolyte (2020)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Walter, X. A., Soavi, F., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2020). Air-breathing cathode self-powered supercapacitive microbial fuel cell with human urine as electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta, 353, Article 136530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136530

In this work, a membraneless microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an empty volume of 1.5 mL, fed continuously with hydrolysed urine, was tested in supercapacitive mode (SC-MFC). In order to enhance the power output, a double strategy was used: i) a double... Read More about Air-breathing cathode self-powered supercapacitive microbial fuel cell with human urine as electrolyte.

A new method for urine electrofiltration and long term power enhancement using surface modified anodes with activated carbon in ceramic microbial fuel cells (2020)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., You, J., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). A new method for urine electrofiltration and long term power enhancement using surface modified anodes with activated carbon in ceramic microbial fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 353, Article 136388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136388

This work is presenting for the first time the use of inexpensive and efficient anode material for boosting power production, as well as improving electrofiltration of human urine in tubular microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The MFCs were constructed usin... Read More about A new method for urine electrofiltration and long term power enhancement using surface modified anodes with activated carbon in ceramic microbial fuel cells.

Electroosmotically generated disinfectant from urine as a by-product of electricity in microbial fuel cell for the inactivation of pathogenic species (2020)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Obata, O., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Electroosmotically generated disinfectant from urine as a by-product of electricity in microbial fuel cell for the inactivation of pathogenic species. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 5533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60626-x

This work presents a small scale and low cost ceramic based microbial fuel cell, utilising human urine into electricity, while producing clean catholyte into an initially empty cathode chamber through the process of electro-osmostic drag. It is the f... Read More about Electroosmotically generated disinfectant from urine as a by-product of electricity in microbial fuel cell for the inactivation of pathogenic species.

Resilience and limitations of MFC anodic community when exposed to antibacterial agents (2020)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Obata, O., Greenman, J., Kurt, H., & Chandran, K. (2020). Resilience and limitations of MFC anodic community when exposed to antibacterial agents. Bioelectrochemistry, 134, Article 107500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107500

This study evaluates the fate of certain bactericidal agents introduced into microbial fuel cell (MFC) cascades and the response of the microbial community. We tested the response of functioning urine fed MFC cascades using two very different bacteri... Read More about Resilience and limitations of MFC anodic community when exposed to antibacterial agents.

Urine in bioelectrochemical systems: An overall review (2020)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Garcia, M. J. S., Walter, X. A., You, J., Theodosiou, P., Gajda, I., …Ieropoulos, I. (2020). Urine in bioelectrochemical systems: An overall review. ChemElectroChem, 7(6), 1312-1331. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901995

In recent years, human urine has been successfully used as an electrolyte and organic substrate in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) mainly due of its unique properties. Urine contains organic compounds that can be utilised as a fuel for energy recov... Read More about Urine in bioelectrochemical systems: An overall review.

Scalability and stacking of self-stratifying microbial fuel cells treating urine (2020)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Scalability and stacking of self-stratifying microbial fuel cells treating urine. Bioelectrochemistry, 133, Article 107491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107491

The scalability of Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is key to the development of stacks. A recent study has shown that self-stratifying membraneless MFCs (S-MFCs) could be scaled down to 2 cm without performance deterioration. However, the scaling-up limi... Read More about Scalability and stacking of self-stratifying microbial fuel cells treating urine.

Microbial fuel cell stack performance enhancement through carbon veil anode modification with activated carbon powder (2020)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2020). Microbial fuel cell stack performance enhancement through carbon veil anode modification with activated carbon powder. Applied Energy, 262, Article 114475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114475

The chemical energy contained in urine can be efficiently extracted into direct electricity by Microbial Fuel Cell stacks to reach usable power levels for practical implementation and a decentralised power source in remote locations. Herein, a novel... Read More about Microbial fuel cell stack performance enhancement through carbon veil anode modification with activated carbon powder.

Long-term bio-power of ceramic microbial fuel cells in individual and stacked configurations (2020)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Obata, O., Jose Salar-Garcia, M., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2020). Long-term bio-power of ceramic microbial fuel cells in individual and stacked configurations. Bioelectrochemistry, 133, Article 107459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107459

© 2020 The Authors In order to improve the potential of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) as an applicable technology, the main challenge is to engineer practical systems for bioenergy production at larger scales and to test how the prototypes withstand th... Read More about Long-term bio-power of ceramic microbial fuel cells in individual and stacked configurations.

Development of efficient electroactive biofilm in urine-fed microbial fuel cell cascades for bioelectricity generation (2020)
Journal Article
Obata, O., Salar-Garcia, M. J., Greenman, J., Kurt, H., Chandran, K., & Ieropoulos, I. (2020). Development of efficient electroactive biofilm in urine-fed microbial fuel cell cascades for bioelectricity generation. Journal of Environmental Management, 258, Article 109992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109992

The Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology harnesses the potential of some naturally occurring bacteria for electricity generation. Digested sludge is commonly used as the inoculum to initiate the process. There are, however, health hazards and practic... Read More about Development of efficient electroactive biofilm in urine-fed microbial fuel cell cascades for bioelectricity generation.

Microbial fuel cells directly powering a microcomputer (2019)
Journal Article
Walter, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2020). Microbial fuel cells directly powering a microcomputer. Journal of Power Sources, 446, Article 227328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227328

© 2019 The Authors Many studies have demonstrated that microbial fuel cells (MFC) can be energy-positive systems and power various low power applications. However, to be employed as a low-level power source, MFC systems rely on energy management circ... Read More about Microbial fuel cells directly powering a microcomputer.

A comprehensive study of custom-made ceramic separators for microbial fuel cells: Towards "living" bricks (2019)
Journal Article
You, J., Wallis, L., Radisavljevic, N., Pasternak, G., Sglavo, V. M., Hanczyc, M. M., …Ieropoulos, I. (2019). A comprehensive study of custom-made ceramic separators for microbial fuel cells: Towards "living" bricks. Energies, 12(21), Article 4071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214071

Towards the commercialisation of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, well-performing, cost-effective, and sustainable separators are being developed. Ceramic is one of the promising materials for this purpose. In this study, ceramic separators made... Read More about A comprehensive study of custom-made ceramic separators for microbial fuel cells: Towards "living" bricks.

Long Term Feasibility Study of In-field Floating Microbial Fuel Cells for Monitoring Anoxic Wastewater and Energy Harvesting (2019)
Journal Article
Cristiani, P., Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Pizza, F., Bonelli, P., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Long Term Feasibility Study of In-field Floating Microbial Fuel Cells for Monitoring Anoxic Wastewater and Energy Harvesting. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00119

© Copyright © 2019 Cristiani, Gajda, Greenman, Pizza, Bonelli and Ieropoulos. In the present work different prototypes of floating MFCs have been tested in anoxic water environments of wastewater plants in Italy, over a period of 3 years. Several con... Read More about Long Term Feasibility Study of In-field Floating Microbial Fuel Cells for Monitoring Anoxic Wastewater and Energy Harvesting.

Living architecture: Toward energy generating buildings powered by microbial fuel cells (2019)
Journal Article
You, J., Rimbu, G. A., Wallis, L., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Living architecture: Toward energy generating buildings powered by microbial fuel cells. Frontiers in Energy Research, 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00094

In this study, possibilities of integrating microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology and buildings were investigated. Three kinds of conventional house bricks from two different locations were tested as MFC reactors and their electrochemical characterist... Read More about Living architecture: Toward energy generating buildings powered by microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microalgae; Photo microbial fuel cell (PMFC) as complete recycling machines (2019)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Gajda, I., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microalgae; Photo microbial fuel cell (PMFC) as complete recycling machines. Sustainable Energy and Fuels, 3(10), 2546-2560. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9se00354a

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Humans can exploit natural processes by microorganisms by using Microbial Fuel Cells and integrated Photo Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC/PMFC) chambers containing electrodes to maximise microbial oxidation rates and... Read More about Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microalgae; Photo microbial fuel cell (PMFC) as complete recycling machines.

Removal of Hepatitis B virus surface HBsAg and core HBcAg antigens using microbial fuel cells producing electricity from human urine (2019)
Journal Article
Pasternak, G., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Removal of Hepatitis B virus surface HBsAg and core HBcAg antigens using microbial fuel cells producing electricity from human urine. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 11787. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48128-x

© 2019, The Author(s). Microbial electrochemical technology is emerging as an alternative way of treating waste and converting this directly to electricity. Intensive research on these systems is ongoing but it currently lacks the evaluation of possi... Read More about Removal of Hepatitis B virus surface HBsAg and core HBcAg antigens using microbial fuel cells producing electricity from human urine.

Electroosmotic production of clear caustic filtrate from human urine in ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells (2019)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Obata, O., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019, August). Electroosmotic production of clear caustic filtrate from human urine in ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells. Paper presented at 70th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Durban, South Africa

Artificial neural network simulating microbial fuel cells with different membrane materials and electrode configurations (2019)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., You, J., Wallis, L., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Artificial neural network simulating microbial fuel cells with different membrane materials and electrode configurations. Journal of Power Sources, 436, Article 226832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226832

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are gaining interest due to higher power production achieved by deep analysis of their characteristics and their effect on the overall efficiency. To date, investigations on MFC efficiency, can only be... Read More about Artificial neural network simulating microbial fuel cells with different membrane materials and electrode configurations.

Effect of the ceramic membrane properties on the microbial fuel cell power output and catholyte generation (2019)
Journal Article
Merino-Jimenez, I., Gonzalez-Juarez, F., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Effect of the ceramic membrane properties on the microbial fuel cell power output and catholyte generation. Journal of Power Sources, 429, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.043

© 2019 The Authors Ceramic membranes for MFCs offer a low cost alternative to the expensive ion exchange membranes, whilst promoting catholyte accumulation. However, their physicochemical properties need to be optimised, in order to increase the powe... Read More about Effect of the ceramic membrane properties on the microbial fuel cell power output and catholyte generation.

Response of ceramic microbial fuel cells to direct anodic airflow and novel hydrogel cathodes (2019)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Response of ceramic microbial fuel cells to direct anodic airflow and novel hydrogel cathodes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(29), 15344-15354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.024

© 2019 The Authors The presence of air in the anode chamber of microbial fuel cells (MFCs)might be unavoidable in some applications. This study purposely exposed the anodic biofilm to air for sustained cycles using ceramic cylindrical MFCs. A method... Read More about Response of ceramic microbial fuel cells to direct anodic airflow and novel hydrogel cathodes.

Self-stratified and self-powered micro-supercapacitor integrated into a microbial fuel cell operating in human urine (2019)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Walter, X. A., Soavi, F., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Self-stratified and self-powered micro-supercapacitor integrated into a microbial fuel cell operating in human urine. Electrochimica Acta, 307, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.194

© 2019 The Authors A self-stratified microbial fuel cell fed with human urine with a total internal volume of 0.55 ml was investigated as an internal supercapacitor, for the first time. The internal self-stratification allowed the development of two... Read More about Self-stratified and self-powered micro-supercapacitor integrated into a microbial fuel cell operating in human urine.

Fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria fed through a cascade of urine microbial fuel cells (2019)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Obata, O., Pasternak, G., & Greenman, J. (2019). Fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria fed through a cascade of urine microbial fuel cells. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 46(5), 587-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02153-x

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is currently gaining recognition as one of the most promising bioenergy technologies of the future. One aspect of this technology that has received little attention is the disinfection of effluents and the fate of... Read More about Fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria fed through a cascade of urine microbial fuel cells.

Towards monolithically printed MFCs: Development of a 3D-printable membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (2019)
Journal Article
Theodosiou, P., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Towards monolithically printed MFCs: Development of a 3D-printable membrane electrode assembly (MEA). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(9), 4450-4462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.163

Additive manufacturing (3D-printing) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are two rapidly growing technologies which have been previously combined to advance the development of the latter. In the same line of work, this paper reports on the fabrication of... Read More about Towards monolithically printed MFCs: Development of a 3D-printable membrane electrode assembly (MEA).

Scalability of self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: Towards height miniaturisation (2019)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2019). Scalability of self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: Towards height miniaturisation. Bioelectrochemistry, 127, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.01.004

© 2019 The Authors The scalability of bioelectrochemical systems is a key parameter for their practical implementation in the real-world. Up until now, only urine-fed self-stratifying microbial fuel cells (SSM-MFCs) have been shown to be scalable in... Read More about Scalability of self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: Towards height miniaturisation.

Increased power generation in supercapacitive microbial fuel cell stack using Fe–N–C cathode catalyst (2018)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Kodali, M., Shamoon, N., Serov, A., Soavi, F., Merino-Jimenez, I., …Atanassov, P. (2019). Increased power generation in supercapacitive microbial fuel cell stack using Fe–N–C cathode catalyst. Journal of Power Sources, 412, 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.069

© 2018 The Authors The anode and cathode electrodes of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) stack, composed of 28 single MFCs, were used as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively of an internal self-charged supercapacitor. Particularly, carbon vei... Read More about Increased power generation in supercapacitive microbial fuel cell stack using Fe–N–C cathode catalyst.

Miniaturized ceramic-based microbial fuel cell for efficient power generation from urine and stack development (2018)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Merino-Jimenez, I., Pasternak, G., Sanchez-Herranz, D., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Miniaturized ceramic-based microbial fuel cell for efficient power generation from urine and stack development. Frontiers in Energy Research, 6(OCT), https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00084

© 2018 Gajda, Stinchcombe, Merino-Jimenez, Pasternak, Sanchez-Herranz, Greenman and Ieropoulos. One of the challenges in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is the improvement of the power output and the lowering of the cost required to scale up the... Read More about Miniaturized ceramic-based microbial fuel cell for efficient power generation from urine and stack development.

Binder materials for the cathodes applied to self-stratifying membraneless microbial fuel cell (2018)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Binder materials for the cathodes applied to self-stratifying membraneless microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry, 123, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.011

© 2018 The Authors The recently developed self-stratifying membraneless microbial fuel cell (SSM-MFC) has been shown as a promising concept for urine treatment. The first prototypes employed cathodes made of activated carbon (AC) and polytetrafluoroe... Read More about Binder materials for the cathodes applied to self-stratifying membraneless microbial fuel cell.

Recent advancements in real-world microbial fuel cell applications (2018)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Recent advancements in real-world microbial fuel cell applications. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 11, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.09.006

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. This short review focuses on the recent developments of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology, its scale-up and implementation in real world applications. Microbial Fuel Cells produce (bio)energy from waste streams, which can... Read More about Recent advancements in real-world microbial fuel cell applications.

Small ceramic microbial fuel cell as a trigenerative system for electricity, organics degradation and urine filtration (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Santoro, C., Serov, A., Atanassov, P., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018, September). Small ceramic microbial fuel cell as a trigenerative system for electricity, organics degradation and urine filtration. Paper presented at AiMES 2018 : ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, Cancun, Mexico

Bioelectrochemical systems are employing microbes as biocatalysts to convert waste into valuable resources. For example, a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) utilises chemical energy locked in human urine into direct electrical current and can be scaled-up to... Read More about Small ceramic microbial fuel cell as a trigenerative system for electricity, organics degradation and urine filtration.

Anode surface modification with activated carbon for improved power generation in urine fed Microbial Fuel Cells (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., You, J., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018, September). Anode surface modification with activated carbon for improved power generation in urine fed Microbial Fuel Cells. Poster presented at 69th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Bologna, Italy

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) utilise organic feedstocks such as urine as fuel for direct electricity production, by employing anode respiring microbes that convert organic matter into electrons while treating waste. One possible approach to bring this... Read More about Anode surface modification with activated carbon for improved power generation in urine fed Microbial Fuel Cells.

Short- and long-term effects of a dentifrice containing dual zinc plus arginine on intra-oral halitosis: Improvements in breath quality (2018)
Journal Article
Saad, S., Fitzgerald, M., Hewett, K., Greenman, J., Vandeven, M., Trivedi, H., & Masters, J. (2018). Short- and long-term effects of a dentifrice containing dual zinc plus arginine on intra-oral halitosis: Improvements in breath quality. Journal of Clinical Dentistry, 29(3 (Special Issue A)), 46-54

Objectives: These studies aimed to assess the short-term (12-hour, single use) and long-term (four weeks, continuous use) efficacy of a new Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice against intra-oral halitosis versus a negative control. Methods: Two cl... Read More about Short- and long-term effects of a dentifrice containing dual zinc plus arginine on intra-oral halitosis: Improvements in breath quality.

Self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: The importance of the cathode electrode immersion height (2018)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: The importance of the cathode electrode immersion height. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(9), 4524-4532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.07.033

© 2018 The Author(s) Power generation of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is a very important electrochemical parameter to consider particularly when the output has to be harvested for practical applications. This work studies the effect of cathode... Read More about Self-stratifying microbial fuel cell: The importance of the cathode electrode immersion height.

Multi-functional microbial fuel cells for power, treatment and electro-osmotic purification of urine (2018)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Santoro, C., Serov, A., Atanassov, P., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2019). Multi-functional microbial fuel cells for power, treatment and electro-osmotic purification of urine. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 94(7), 2098-2106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5792

© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. BACKGROUND: In this work, a small-scale ceramic microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a novel type of metal–... Read More about Multi-functional microbial fuel cells for power, treatment and electro-osmotic purification of urine.

A New Method for Modulation, Control and Power Boosting in Microbial Fuel Cells (2018)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., You, J., Gajda, I., & Greenman, J. (2018). A New Method for Modulation, Control and Power Boosting in Microbial Fuel Cells. Fuel Cells, 18(5), 663-668. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201800009

© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are energy transducers, which through the metabolic reactions of facultative anaerobic microorganisms, transform the energy in organic matter directly into electricity. E... Read More about A New Method for Modulation, Control and Power Boosting in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Development of small scale ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells for clean energy extraction from urine (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Walter, X. A., Obata, T., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018, June). Development of small scale ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells for clean energy extraction from urine. Presented at 14th International Ceramics Congress 2018, Perugia, Italy

During the last 20 years great interest in Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) has intensified due to the extraction of clean electricity from waste streams such as urine. The technology is based on ceramic built MFCs in which the terracotta chassis is also... Read More about Development of small scale ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells for clean energy extraction from urine.

3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs) (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Theodosiou, P., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2018, May). 3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Presented at 233rd ECS Meeting, Seattle, WA

Biological fuel cells (BFCs) are an increasingly growing area of research as it beholds long-term sustainable advantages over conventional fuel cells. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are just one type of BFCs, which as the name implies, employ microbial... Read More about 3D-printable cathode electrode for monolithically printed microbial fuel cells (MFCs).

PEE POWER® urinal II - Urinal scale-up with microbial fuel cell scale-down for improved lighting (2018)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Merino-Jiménez, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). PEE POWER® urinal II - Urinal scale-up with microbial fuel cell scale-down for improved lighting. Journal of Power Sources, 392, 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.047

© 2018 The Authors A novel design of microbial fuel cells (MFC) fuelled with undiluted urine was demonstrated to be an efficient power source for decentralised areas, but had only been tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Hence, a field-tri... Read More about PEE POWER® urinal II - Urinal scale-up with microbial fuel cell scale-down for improved lighting.

Ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells Stack: Power generation in standard and supercapacitive mode (2018)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Flores-Cadengo, C., Soavi, F., Kodali, M., Merino-Jimenez, I., Gajda, I., …Atanassov, P. (2018). Ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells Stack: Power generation in standard and supercapacitive mode. Scientific Reports, 8(3281), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21404-y

© 2018 The Author(s). In this work, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) stack containing 28 ceramic MFCs was tested in both standard and supercapacitive modes. The MFCs consisted of carbon veil anodes wrapped around the ceramic separator and air-breathing ca... Read More about Ceramic Microbial Fuel Cells Stack: Power generation in standard and supercapacitive mode.

Microbial fuel cell, method of controlling and measuring the redox potential difference of the fuel cell (2018)
Patent
Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, Y. (2020). Microbial fuel cell, method of controlling and measuring the redox potential difference of the fuel cell. US20180013162A1

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) in which the anode and/or cathode half-cell comprises at least one additional electrode insulated from direct contact with the working electrode and arranged to be coupled to an external voltage or current source, wherein... Read More about Microbial fuel cell, method of controlling and measuring the redox potential difference of the fuel cell.

Novel Analytical Microbial Fuel Cell Design for Rapid in Situ Optimisation of Dilution Rate and Substrate Supply Rate, by Flow, Volume Control and Anode Placement (2018)
Journal Article
You, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Novel Analytical Microbial Fuel Cell Design for Rapid in Situ Optimisation of Dilution Rate and Substrate Supply Rate, by Flow, Volume Control and Anode Placement. Energies, 11(9), 2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092377

© 2018 MDPI AG. All rights reserved. A new analytical design of continuously-fed microbial fuel cell was built in triplicate in order to investigate relations and effects of various operating parameters such as flow rate and substrate supply rate, in... Read More about Novel Analytical Microbial Fuel Cell Design for Rapid in Situ Optimisation of Dilution Rate and Substrate Supply Rate, by Flow, Volume Control and Anode Placement.

Passive feeding in paper-based microbial fuel cells (2018)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Milani, P., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Passive feeding in paper-based microbial fuel cells. ECS Transactions, 85(13), 1193-1200. https://doi.org/10.1149/08513.1193ecst

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are often constructed using materials such as plastic that can be hazardous to the environment. Building MFCs from paper is a sustainable option, making the fuel cells lightweight and easy to carry. Transported in the bott... Read More about Passive feeding in paper-based microbial fuel cells.

Energy and metabolism (2018)
Book Chapter
Ieropoulos, I. A., Ledezma, P., Scandroglio, G., Melhuish, C., & Greenman, J. (2018). Energy and metabolism. In T. J. Prescott, N. Lepora, & P. F. Verschure (Eds.), Living Machines: A Handbook of Research in Biomimetics and Biohybrid Systems (62-72). Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0006

© Oxford University Press, 2018 and University of Tartu Press, 2012. Energy resulting from metabolism is essential for any living system-from single-cell to multicellular organisms. This also applies to symbiotic robots (SymBots), which function util... Read More about Energy and metabolism.

Improved power and long term performance of microbial fuel cell with Fe-N-C catalyst in air-breathing cathode (2017)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Santoro, C., Serov, A., Melhuish, C., Atanassov, P., & Ieropoulos, I. (2018). Improved power and long term performance of microbial fuel cell with Fe-N-C catalyst in air-breathing cathode. Energy, 144, 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.135

© 2017 Power output limitation is one of the main challenges that needs to be addressed for full-scale applications of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology. Previous studies have examined electrochemical performance of different cathode electrode... Read More about Improved power and long term performance of microbial fuel cell with Fe-N-C catalyst in air-breathing cathode.

EvoBot: Towards a robot-chemostat for culturing and maintaining Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) (2017)
Conference Proceeding
Theodosiou, P., Faina, A., Nejatimoharrami, F., Stoy, K., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). EvoBot: Towards a robot-chemostat for culturing and maintaining Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). In N. Lepora, T. Prescott, P. F. Verschure, A. Mura, M. Cutkosky, & M. Mangan (Eds.), Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems. , (453-464). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63537-8_38

In this paper we present EvoBot, a RepRap open-source 3D-printer modified to operate like a robot for culturing and maintaining Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). EvoBot is a modular liquid handling robot that has been adapted to host MFCs in its experimen... Read More about EvoBot: Towards a robot-chemostat for culturing and maintaining Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs).

Towards a self-powered biosensors for environmental applications in remote, off-grid areas (2017)
Journal Article
Pasternak, G., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Towards a self-powered biosensors for environmental applications in remote, off-grid areas. Procedia Technology, 27, 8-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2017.04.005

One important factor for developing biosensors is taking the source of electrical energy into account. The source of electricity is needed whenever we consider point-of-care diagnostics, in-vivo tests or in particular – environmental applications. Th... Read More about Towards a self-powered biosensors for environmental applications in remote, off-grid areas.

Electricity production from human urine in ceramic microbial fuel cells with alternative non-fluorinated polymer binders for cathode construction (2017)
Journal Article
Salar-Garcia, M. J., Ortiz-Martinez, V., Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Hernández-Fernández, F. J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Electricity production from human urine in ceramic microbial fuel cells with alternative non-fluorinated polymer binders for cathode construction. Separation and Purification Technology, 187, 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.025

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is one of the most common binders employed to prepare cathode electrodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and yet this fluorinated polymer is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly. In this... Read More about Electricity production from human urine in ceramic microbial fuel cells with alternative non-fluorinated polymer binders for cathode construction.

Urine disinfection and in situ pathogen killing using a Microbial Fuel Cell cascade system (2017)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Pasternak, G., & Greenman, J. (2017). Urine disinfection and in situ pathogen killing using a Microbial Fuel Cell cascade system. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0176475. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176475

© 2017 Ieropoulos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are... Read More about Urine disinfection and in situ pathogen killing using a Microbial Fuel Cell cascade system.

Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177528

© 2017 Tsompanas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are... Read More about Towards implementation of cellular automata in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell (2017)
Journal Article
Sirakoulis, G. C., Phillips, N., Tsompanas, M. A., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2017). Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell. BioSystems, 156-157, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.04.003

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A cellular non-linear network (CNN) is a uniform regular array of locally connected continuous-state machines, or nodes, which update their states simultaneously in discrete time. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electro-chemica... Read More about Cellular non-linear network model of microbial fuel cell.

Synthesis and bactericidal properties of porphyrins immobilized in a polyacrylamide support: Influence of metal complexation on photoactivity (2017)
Journal Article
Boyle, R. W., Turner, L. C., Spagnul, C., Turner, L., Giuntini, F., & Greenman, J. (2017). Synthesis and bactericidal properties of porphyrins immobilized in a polyacrylamide support: Influence of metal complexation on photoactivity. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 5(9), 1834-1845. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tb03198f

© The Royal Society of Chemistry. Spectroscopic and photodynamic properties of three novel polymeric hydrogels bearing porphyrins have been studied in vitro on the recombinant bioluminescent Gram-negative Escherichia coli DH5α to assess their ability... Read More about Synthesis and bactericidal properties of porphyrins immobilized in a polyacrylamide support: Influence of metal complexation on photoactivity.

Gelatin as a promising printable feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC) (2017)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Theodosiou, P., Taylor, B., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2017). Gelatin as a promising printable feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(3), 1783-1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.083

© 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an energy transducer that can directly produce electricity from bacterial oxidation of organic matter. MFCs consist of two reaction chambers (anode and cathode) separated by a s... Read More about Gelatin as a promising printable feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC).

Self-powered, autonomous Biological Oxygen Demand biosensor for online water quality monitoring (2017)
Journal Article
Pasternak, G., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Self-powered, autonomous Biological Oxygen Demand biosensor for online water quality monitoring. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 244, 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.019

© 2017 The Authors Standard Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) analysis requires 5days to complete. To date, microbial fuel cell biosensors used as an alternative method for BOD assessment requires external apparatus, which limits their use for on-line m... Read More about Self-powered, autonomous Biological Oxygen Demand biosensor for online water quality monitoring.

Allometric scaling of microbial fuel cells and stacks: The lifeform case for scale-up (2017)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2017). Allometric scaling of microbial fuel cells and stacks: The lifeform case for scale-up. Journal of Power Sources, 356, 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.033

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. This case study reports for the first time on the comparison between allometric scaling of lifeforms and scale-up of microbial fuel cell entities; enlarging individual units in volume, footprint and electrode surface area but als... Read More about Allometric scaling of microbial fuel cells and stacks: The lifeform case for scale-up.

3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing (2016)
Journal Article
Preen, R. J., You, J., Preen, R., Bull, L., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). 3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 19, 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.11.006

© 2016 The Authors For practical applications of the MFC technology, the design as well as the processes of manufacturing and assembly, should be optimised for the specific target use. Another burgeoning technology, additive manufacturing (3D printin... Read More about 3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing.

Autonomous energy harvesting and prevention of cell reversal in MFC stacks (2016)
Journal Article
Papaharalabos, G., Stinchcombe, A., Horsfield, I., Melhuish, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Autonomous energy harvesting and prevention of cell reversal in MFC stacks. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164(3), H3047-H3051. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0081703jes

© The Author(s) 2016. This study presents a novel method for avoiding cell reversal whilst optimising energy harvesting from stacked Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) by dynamically reconfiguring the electrical connections between them. The sequential chan... Read More about Autonomous energy harvesting and prevention of cell reversal in MFC stacks.

Enhanced MFC power production and struvite recovery by the addition of sea salts to urine (2016)
Journal Article
Merino-Jimenez, I., Celorrio, V., Fermin, D. J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Enhanced MFC power production and struvite recovery by the addition of sea salts to urine. Water Research, 109, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.017

© 2016 The Authors Urine is an excellent fuel for electricity generation in Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), especially with practical implementations in mind. Moreover, urine has a high content in nutrients which can be easily recovered. Struvite (MgNH4... Read More about Enhanced MFC power production and struvite recovery by the addition of sea salts to urine.

A review into the use of ceramics in microbial fuel cells (2016)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Gajda, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). A review into the use of ceramics in microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 215, 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.135

© 2016 The Authors. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer great promise as a technology that can produce electricity whilst at the same time treat wastewater. Although significant progress has been made in recent years, the requirement for cheaper materi... Read More about A review into the use of ceramics in microbial fuel cells.

Carbon-based air-breathing cathodes for microbial fuel cells (2016)
Journal Article
Merino-Jimenez, I., Santoro, C., Rojas-Carbonell, S., Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Atanassov, P. (2016). Carbon-based air-breathing cathodes for microbial fuel cells. Catalysts, 6(9), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6090127

© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. A comparison between different carbon-based gas-diffusion air-breathing cathodes for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is presented in this work. A micro-porous layer (MPL) based on carbon black (CB... Read More about Carbon-based air-breathing cathodes for microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cell – A novel self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation of heavy metals (2016)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Microbial fuel cell – A novel self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation of heavy metals. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(3), 1813-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.161

© 2016 The Authors This paper describes the suitability of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) for generation of electrical power with a simultaneous synthesis of active catholyte in the form of caustic solution. The active solution formed inside a terraco... Read More about Microbial fuel cell – A novel self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation of heavy metals.

Urine transduction to usable energy: A modular MFC approach for smartphone and remote system charging (2016)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). Urine transduction to usable energy: A modular MFC approach for smartphone and remote system charging. Applied Energy, 192, 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.006

© 2016 The Authors This study reports for the first time the full charging of a state-of-the-art mobile smartphone, using Microbial Fuel Cells fed with urine. This was possible by employing a new design of MFC that allowed scaling-up without power de... Read More about Urine transduction to usable energy: A modular MFC approach for smartphone and remote system charging.

Microalgae as substrate in low cost terracotta-based microbial fuel cells: Novel application of the catholyte produced (2016)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Hanczyc, M. M., Greenman, J., Ortiz-Martínez, V. M., Gajda, I., Salar-García, M. J., …Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Microalgae as substrate in low cost terracotta-based microbial fuel cells: Novel application of the catholyte produced. Bioresource Technology, 209, 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.083

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. In this work, the by-product generated during the operation of cylindrical MFCs, made out of terracotta material, is investigated as a feasible means of degrading live microalgae for the first time. In addition to the low cost ma... Read More about Microalgae as substrate in low cost terracotta-based microbial fuel cells: Novel application of the catholyte produced.

Small scale ceramic MFCs for efficient energy harvesting from wastewater and full system development (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016, May). Small scale ceramic MFCs for efficient energy harvesting from wastewater and full system development. Presented at The Electrochemical Society, 29th ECS Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA

The main aim of this work was to increase the efficiency of the ceramic based MFCs by compacting the design and exploring the ceramic support as the building block for small scale modular multi-unit systems. The improved energy density would then all... Read More about Small scale ceramic MFCs for efficient energy harvesting from wastewater and full system development.

Electricity and disinfectant production from wastewater: Microbial Fuel Cell as a self-powered electrolyser (2016)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2016). Electricity and disinfectant production from wastewater: Microbial Fuel Cell as a self-powered electrolyser. Scientific Reports, 6(25571), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25571

This study presents a simple and sustainable Microbial Fuel Cell as a standalone, self-powered reactor for in situ wastewater electrolysis, recovering nitrogen from wastewater. A process is proposed whereby the MFC electrical performance drives the e... Read More about Electricity and disinfectant production from wastewater: Microbial Fuel Cell as a self-powered electrolyser.

Scaling-up of a novel, simplified MFC stack based on a self-stratifying urine column (2016)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Gajda, I., Forbes, S., Winfield, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Scaling-up of a novel, simplified MFC stack based on a self-stratifying urine column. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 9(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0504-3

© 2016 Walter et al. Background: The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology in which microorganisms employ an electrode (anode) as a solid electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. This results in direct transformation of chemical energy into e... Read More about Scaling-up of a novel, simplified MFC stack based on a self-stratifying urine column.

Study of the effects of ionic liquid-modified cathodes and ceramic separators on MFC performance (2016)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Hernández-Fernández, F. J., Greenman, J., Salar-García, M. J., Gajda, I., Ortiz-Martínez, V. M., …Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Study of the effects of ionic liquid-modified cathodes and ceramic separators on MFC performance. Chemical Engineering Journal, 291, 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.01.084

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Ceramic-based MFC designs have proven to be a low cost alternative for power production and wastewater treatment. The use of ionic liquids in ceramic MFCs is explored for the first time in the present work in order to improve pow... Read More about Study of the effects of ionic liquid-modified cathodes and ceramic separators on MFC performance.

Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling (2016)
Journal Article
Pasternak, G., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling. Applied Energy, 173, 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.009

© 2016 The Authors. Air cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were used in a cascade-system, to treat neat human urine as the fuel. Their long-term operation caused biodeterioration and biofouling of the cathodes. The cathodes were made from two graphi... Read More about Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling.

Microbial Fuel Cell-driven caustic potash production from wastewater for carbon sequestration (2016)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Santoro, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Microbial Fuel Cell-driven caustic potash production from wastewater for carbon sequestration. Bioresource Technology, 215, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.004

© 2016 The Authors. This work reports on the novel formation of caustic potash (KOH) directly on the MFC cathode locking carbon dioxide into potassium bicarbonate salt (kalicinite) while producing, instead of consuming electrical power. Using potassi... Read More about Microbial Fuel Cell-driven caustic potash production from wastewater for carbon sequestration.

The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology (2016)
Book Chapter
Ieropoulos, I., Winfield, J., Gajda, I., Walter, X. A., Papacharalampos, G., Merino Jimenez, I., …Greenman, J. (2016). The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology. In K. Scott, & E. Hao Yu (Eds.), Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells (357-380). Woodhead (Elsevier). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-375-1.00012-5

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. New green technologies are emerging in response to decades of damaging human activity. Among those are microbial fuel cells (MFCs), electric transducers that transform wet organic matter into electricity via... Read More about The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology.

Daily reduction of oral malodor with the use of a sonic tongue brush combined with an antibacterial tongue spray in a randomized cross-over clinical investigation (2016)
Journal Article
Saad, S., Gomez-Pereira, P., Hewett, K., Horstman, P., Patel, J., & Greenman, J. (2016). Daily reduction of oral malodor with the use of a sonic tongue brush combined with an antibacterial tongue spray in a randomized cross-over clinical investigation. Journal of Breath Research, 10(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016013

Abstract The objective of this clinical investigation was to test the effectiveness on breath odor of a newly designed sonic tongue brush (TongueCare+, TC). It consists of a soft silicone brush optimally designed based on the tongue's anatomy t... Read More about Daily reduction of oral malodor with the use of a sonic tongue brush combined with an antibacterial tongue spray in a randomized cross-over clinical investigation.

From single MFC to cascade configuration: The relationship between size, hydraulic retention time and power density (2016)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Forbes, S., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2016). From single MFC to cascade configuration: The relationship between size, hydraulic retention time and power density. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 14, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.01.006

© 2016 The Authors. Achieving useful electrical power production with the MFC technology requires a plurality of units. Therefore, the main objective of much of the MFC research is to increase the power density of each unit. Collectives of MFCs will... Read More about From single MFC to cascade configuration: The relationship between size, hydraulic retention time and power density.

Comprehensive Study on Ceramic Membranes for Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cells (2016)
Journal Article
Pasternak, G., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Comprehensive Study on Ceramic Membranes for Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cells. ChemSusChem, 9(1), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201501320

© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) made with different types of ceramic membranes were investigated to find a low-cost alternative to commercially available proton exchange membranes. The MFCs operated wi... Read More about Comprehensive Study on Ceramic Membranes for Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cells.

Pee power urinal-microbial fuel cell technology field trials in the context of sanitation (2016)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Stinchcombe, A., Gajda, I., Forbes, S., Merino-Jimenez, I., Pasternak, G., …Greenman, J. (2016). Pee power urinal-microbial fuel cell technology field trials in the context of sanitation. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 2(2), 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00270b

This paper reports on the pee power urinal field trials, which are using microbial fuel cells for internal lighting. The first trial was conducted on Frenchay Campus (UWE, Bristol) from February-May 2015 and demonstrated the feasibility of modular MF... Read More about Pee power urinal-microbial fuel cell technology field trials in the context of sanitation.

Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells (2016)
Journal Article
Taylor, B., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26662-6_14

Microbial fuels cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical transducers that generate energy from the metabolism of electro-active microorganisms. The organism Physarum polycephalum is a species of slime mould, which has demonstrated many novel and interest... Read More about Slime Mould Controller for Microbial Fuel Cells.

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of a new photoactive hydrogel against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (2016)
Journal Article
Spagnul, C., Greenman, J., Wainwright, M., Kamil, Z., & Boyle, R. W. (2016). Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of a new photoactive hydrogel against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 4(8), 1499-1509. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tb02569a

© 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2013, the World Health Organization reported that 884 million people lack access to clean potable water. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a very promising alternative to conventional antibiot... Read More about Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of a new photoactive hydrogel against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Analysis of microbial fuel cell operation in acidic conditions using the flocculating agent ferric chloride (2016)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Greenman, J., Dennis, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Analysis of microbial fuel cell operation in acidic conditions using the flocculating agent ferric chloride. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 91(1), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4552

© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry. BACKGROUND: Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is widely used as a flocculating agent during wastewater treatment but can detrimentally lower pH and increase iron concentration. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising te... Read More about Analysis of microbial fuel cell operation in acidic conditions using the flocculating agent ferric chloride.

Electricity and catholyte production from ceramic MFCS treating urine (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Merino-Jimenez, I., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Electricity and catholyte production from ceramic MFCS treating urine. In V. Cigolotti, M. Chianella, & C. Barchiesi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th European Fuel Cell - Piero Lunghi Conference, EFC 2015. , (311-312)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a promising technology for electricity production. In the anodic chamber, an anaerobic biofilm breaks down the organic compounds present in the urine to generate electricity. In the cathodic chamber, the oxygen reduc... Read More about Electricity and catholyte production from ceramic MFCS treating urine.

A new design of membraneless microbial fuel cell: Anode and cathode share the same self-stratified electrolyte of urine (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Walter, X., Gajda, I., Forbes, S., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). A new design of membraneless microbial fuel cell: Anode and cathode share the same self-stratified electrolyte of urine. In M. Chianella, C. Barchiesi, & V. Cigolotti (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th European Fuel Cell - Piero Lunghi Conference, EFC 2015. , (315-316)

Regardless of architecture, microbial fuel cell technology requires a plurality of units to achieve exploitable electrical power. This implies that each unit needs a simple design allowing the production of the needed multiplicity. Here, we present a... Read More about A new design of membraneless microbial fuel cell: Anode and cathode share the same self-stratified electrolyte of urine.

Gelatin as a promising printable nutrient feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC) (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Theodosiou, P., Ieropoulos, I., Taylor, B., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2015, December). Gelatin as a promising printable nutrient feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC). Presented at European Fuel Cell Technology & Applications Conference - Piero Lunghi Conference, Naples, Italy

This study describes the work carried out towards the optimization of critical MFC components with potential 3D fabricated materials. The response of the optimised fuel cells, which were fed with soft materials such as gelatin, alginate and Nafion™,... Read More about Gelatin as a promising printable nutrient feedstock for microbial fuel cells (MFC).

Microbial fuel cell - A self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015, December). Microbial fuel cell - A self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation. Presented at EFC15 European Fuel Cell Technology & Applications - Piero Lunghi Conference, Naples, Italy

This abstract describes the suitability of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) for generation of electrical power with a simultaneous synthesis of active catholyte in the form of caustic solution. The active solution was a product of self-powered electroly... Read More about Microbial fuel cell - A self-powered wastewater electrolyser for electrocoagulation.

Self sufficient wireless transmitter powered by foot-pumped urine operating wearable MFC (2015)
Journal Article
Taghavi, M., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Mattoli, V., Beccai, L., Mazzolai, B., …Ieropoulos, I. A. (2016). Self sufficient wireless transmitter powered by foot-pumped urine operating wearable MFC. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 11(1), Article 016001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/11/1/016001

© 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. The first self-sufficient system, powered by a wearable energy generator based on microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is introduced. MFCs made from compliant material were developed in the frame of a pair of socks, which w... Read More about Self sufficient wireless transmitter powered by foot-pumped urine operating wearable MFC.

Stability and reliability of anodic biofilms under different feedstock conditions: Towards microbial fuel cell sensors (2015)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., You, J., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Stability and reliability of anodic biofilms under different feedstock conditions: Towards microbial fuel cell sensors. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 6, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2015.11.007

© 2015 The Authors. Stability and reliability of microbial fuel cell anodic biofilms, consisting of mixed cultures, were investigated in a continuously fed system. Two groups of anodic biofilm matured with different substrates, acetate and casein for... Read More about Stability and reliability of anodic biofilms under different feedstock conditions: Towards microbial fuel cell sensors.

Electro-osmotic-based catholyte production by Microbial Fuel Cells for carbon capture (2015)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Santoro, C., Li, B., Cristiani, P., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Electro-osmotic-based catholyte production by Microbial Fuel Cells for carbon capture. Water Research, 86, 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.014

© 2015 The Authors. In Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), the recovery of water can be achieved with the help of both active (electro-osmosis), and passive (osmosis) transport pathways of electrolyte through the semi-permeable selective separator. The elec... Read More about Electro-osmotic-based catholyte production by Microbial Fuel Cells for carbon capture.

Self-sustainable electricity production from algae grown in a microbial fuel cell system (2015)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Self-sustainable electricity production from algae grown in a microbial fuel cell system. Biomass and Bioenergy, 82, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.017

© 2015 The Authors. This paper describes the potential for algal biomass production in conjunction with wastewater treatment and power generation within a fully biotic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The anaerobic biofilm in the anodic half-cell is genera... Read More about Self-sustainable electricity production from algae grown in a microbial fuel cell system.

Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in ceramic MFCs (2015)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in ceramic MFCs. Bioelectrochemistry, 104, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.03.001

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. To date, the development of microbially assisted synthesis in Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) has focused on mechanisms that consume energy in order to drive the electrosynthesis process. This work reports - for the first time... Read More about Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in ceramic MFCs.

Fade to Green: A Biodegradable Stack of Microbial Fuel Cells (2015)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Chambers, L. D., Rossiter, J., Stinchcombe, A., Walter, X. A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Fade to Green: A Biodegradable Stack of Microbial Fuel Cells. ChemSusChem, 8(16), 2705-2712. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500431

© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. The focus of this study is the development of biodegradable microbial fuel cells (MFCs) able to produce useful power. Reactors with an 8mL chamber volume were designed using all biodegradable produ... Read More about Fade to Green: A Biodegradable Stack of Microbial Fuel Cells.

Ceramic MFCs with internal cathode producing sufficient power for practical applications (2015)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Ceramic MFCs with internal cathode producing sufficient power for practical applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(42), 14627-14631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.039

© 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This communication reports on the potential of using MFCs for powering real world applications, whereby three interconnected MFCs directly energise an external... Read More about Ceramic MFCs with internal cathode producing sufficient power for practical applications.

Urine-activated origami microbial fuel cells to signal proof of life (2015)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Chambers, L. D., Rossiter, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Urine-activated origami microbial fuel cells to signal proof of life. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3(13), 7058-7065. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00687b

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015. The adaptability and practicality of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are highly desirable traits in the search for alternative sources of energy. An innovative application for the technology could be to power portab... Read More about Urine-activated origami microbial fuel cells to signal proof of life.

Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller (2015)
Journal Article
Taylor, B., Adamatzky, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller. BioSystems, 127, 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.10.005

© 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Microbial fuels cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical transducers that generate energy from the metabolism of electro-active microorganisms. The organism Physarum polycephalum is a slime mould, which has demonstrated many... Read More about Physarum polycephalum: Towards a biological controller.

A novel small scale Microbial Fuel Cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment (2015)
Journal Article
Papaharalabos, G., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2015). A novel small scale Microbial Fuel Cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(11), 4263-4268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.117

© 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a sustainable energy technology with minimal carbon footprint, which is promising for wastewater remediation and generation of u... Read More about A novel small scale Microbial Fuel Cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment.

Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass (2015)
Journal Article
Walter, X. A., Greenman, J., Taylor, B., & Ieropoulos, I. A. (2015). Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass. Algal Research, 11, 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.003

© 2015. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are energy transducers that convert organic matter directly into electricity, via the anaerobic respiration of electro-active microorganisms. An avenue of research in this field is to employ algae as the organic c... Read More about Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass.

Dynamic electrical reconfiguration for improved capacitor charging in microbial fuel cell stacks (2014)
Journal Article
Papaharalabos, G., Greenman, J., Stinchcombe, A., Horsfield, I., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Dynamic electrical reconfiguration for improved capacitor charging in microbial fuel cell stacks. Journal of Power Sources, 272, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.187

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical device that uses anaerobic bacteria to convert chemical energy locked in biomass into small amounts of electricity. One viable way of increasing energy extraction is by stacking multiple MFC units a... Read More about Dynamic electrical reconfiguration for improved capacitor charging in microbial fuel cell stacks.

Electricity generation and struvite recovery from human urine using microbial fuel cells (2014)
Journal Article
You, J., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2016). Electricity generation and struvite recovery from human urine using microbial fuel cells. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 91(3), 647-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4617

BACKGROUND: Urine is an abundant waste product which requires energy intensive treatment processes in modern wastewater treatment plants. However urine can be utilised as fertiliser in the form of struvite. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising... Read More about Electricity generation and struvite recovery from human urine using microbial fuel cells.

Controlling for peak power extraction from microbial fuel cells can increase stack voltage and avoid cell reversal (2014)
Journal Article
Boghani, H. C., Papaharalabos, G., Michie, I., Fradler, K. R., Dinsdale, R. M., Guwy, A. J., …Premier, G. C. (2014). Controlling for peak power extraction from microbial fuel cells can increase stack voltage and avoid cell reversal. Journal of Power Sources, 269, 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.059

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems which can degrade organic materials and are increasingly seen as potential contributors to low carbon technologies, particularly in energy recovery from and treatment of wastewaters. The theo... Read More about Controlling for peak power extraction from microbial fuel cells can increase stack voltage and avoid cell reversal.

Ceramic MFCs for energy conversion in practical applications (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014, December). Ceramic MFCs for energy conversion in practical applications. Paper presented at Euro-mediterranean Hydrogen Technologies Conference 2014 (EmHyTeC2014), Taormina, Italy

The effects of wastewater types on power generation and phosphorus removal of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with activated carbon (AC) cathodes (2014)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Babanova, S., Artyushkova, K., Atanassov, P., Greenman, J., Cristiani, P., …Ieropoulos, I. (2014). The effects of wastewater types on power generation and phosphorus removal of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with activated carbon (AC) cathodes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(36), 21796-21802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.167

© 2014 Cost-effective activated carbon (AC) material was investigated for the development of gas-diffusion cathode employed in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) treating different feeding solutions. The electrocatalytic activi... Read More about The effects of wastewater types on power generation and phosphorus removal of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with activated carbon (AC) cathodes.

Micro-porous layer (MPL)-based anode for microbial fuel cells (2014)
Journal Article
You, J., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Cristiani, P., Li, B., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Micro-porous layer (MPL)-based anode for microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(36), 21811-21818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.136

© 2014 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Two different anode materials, carbon veil (CV) and carbon cloth (CC), were modified with a micro-porous layer (MPL) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). When the bi... Read More about Micro-porous layer (MPL)-based anode for microbial fuel cells.

Towards disposable microbial fuel cells: Natural rubber glove membranes (2014)
Journal Article
Chambers, L. D., Winfield, J., Rossiter, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Towards disposable microbial fuel cells: Natural rubber glove membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(36), 21803-21810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.071

© 2014 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Natural rubber from laboratory gloves (GNR) was compared to cation exchange membrane (CEM) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). GNR-MFCs immediately generated power... Read More about Towards disposable microbial fuel cells: Natural rubber glove membranes.

High-Performance, Totally Flexible, Tubular Microbial Fuel Cell (2014)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Taghavi, M., Greenman, J., Beccai, L., Mattoli, V., Mazzolai, B., …Ieropoulos, I. (2014). High-Performance, Totally Flexible, Tubular Microbial Fuel Cell. ChemElectroChem, 1(11), 1994-1999. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201402131

© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. The current study addresses the development of a flexible microbial fuel cell (MFC) in a tubular configuration. Nafion tubing is employed as a one-compartment MFC and is used as the membrane and th... Read More about High-Performance, Totally Flexible, Tubular Microbial Fuel Cell.

Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in MFCs (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014, October). Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in MFCs. Paper presented at 226th ECS Meeting,Electrochemical Society, Cancun, Mexico

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical transducers that generate electricity as a direct result of microbial metabolism, when breaking down organic matter for continuous growth and maintenance. On the other hand, Microbial Electrolysis C... Read More about Simultaneous electricity generation and microbially-assisted electrosynthesis in MFCs.

Artificial photosynthesis coupled with electricity generation - microbial fuel cells as artificial plants (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Stinchcombe, A., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014, July). Artificial photosynthesis coupled with electricity generation - microbial fuel cells as artificial plants. Paper presented at ALIFE 14: The Fourteenth International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, NY, USA

To meet the global goal of carbon reduction process there is a need to develop an artificial system that may act as an autonomous CO2 scrubber. This paper describes the direct electricity generation by the Microbial Fuel Cell with the simultaneous bi... Read More about Artificial photosynthesis coupled with electricity generation - microbial fuel cells as artificial plants.

Algal 'lagoon' effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes (2014)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Algal 'lagoon' effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(36), 21857-21863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.173

© 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This paper describes the active oxygenation performed by photosynthetic organisms in the cathode of a two-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell system. The algal biomass... Read More about Algal 'lagoon' effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes.

Water formation at the cathode and sodium recovery using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) (2014)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Santoro, C., Li, B., Cristiani, P., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Water formation at the cathode and sodium recovery using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 7, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2014.05.001

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) utilise biodegradable carbon compounds in organic waste to generate electric current. The aim of this work was to enhance MFC performance by using low cost and catalyst (platinum)-free cathode materials. The results showed... Read More about Water formation at the cathode and sodium recovery using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs).

Electro-osmotic-based catholyte production by Microbial Fuel Cells (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Gajda, I., Melhuish, C., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014, May). Electro-osmotic-based catholyte production by Microbial Fuel Cells. Paper presented at 225th Electrochemical Society Meeting (ECS), Orlando, FL, USA

Small-scale microbial fuel cells utilising uric salts (2014)
Journal Article
You, J., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Small-scale microbial fuel cells utilising uric salts. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 6, 60-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2014.01.005

With exhausting fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions, numerous attempts, to overcome future energy challenges, are being pursued. In this study, small-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs, 0.7mL anodic chamber volume) were built to invest... Read More about Small-scale microbial fuel cells utilising uric salts.

Towards fully biodegradable microbial fuel cells (2014)
Book Chapter
Winfield, J., Chambers, L., Rossiter, J., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Towards fully biodegradable microbial fuel cells. In XVI International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium. Lodz, Poland: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS)

Introduction. In order to sustainably protect and manage the environment, a number of challenges need to be addressed, including: (i) the search for new sources of green energy; (ii) improving the efficiency of human waste treatment; and (iii) identi... Read More about Towards fully biodegradable microbial fuel cells.

Wearable self sufficient MFC communication system powered by urine (2014)
Journal Article
Taghavi, M., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., Mattoli, V., Beccai, L., Mazzolai, B., …Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Wearable self sufficient MFC communication system powered by urine. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 8717 LNAI, 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10401-0_12

A new generation of self-sustainable and wearable Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) is introduced. Two different types of energy - chemical energy found in urine and mechanical energy harvested by manual pumping - were converted to electrical energy. The w... Read More about Wearable self sufficient MFC communication system powered by urine.

Smart miniature microbial fuel cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Papaharalabos, G., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Smart miniature microbial fuel cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment. In C. Barchiesi, V. Cigolotti, & M. Chianella (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th European Fuel Cell Piero Lunghi Conference. , (243-244)

Copyright © 2013 Delta Energy and Environment. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a green sustainable energy with minimal carbon footprint, suitable for wastewater remediation and generation of useful amounts of electricity. This study focuses on the ar... Read More about Smart miniature microbial fuel cell design for increased electricity generation and waste water treatment.

Algal "lagoon" effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Algal "lagoon" effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes. In V. Cigolotti, C. Barchiesi, & M. Chianella (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th European Fuel Cell Piero Lunghi Conference. , (193-194)

Copyright © 2013 Delta Energy and Environment. This paper describes the active oxygenation performed by the photosynthetic organisms in the cathode of a two-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell system. The algal growth provided dissolved oxygen to the cathode... Read More about Algal "lagoon" effect for oxygenating MFC cathodes.

Optimized activated carbon cathode in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cell treating acetate (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Santoro, C., Babanova, S., Atanassov, P., Li, B., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., …Trasatti, S. (2013). Optimized activated carbon cathode in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cell treating acetate. In V. Cigolotti, C. Barchiesi, & M. Chianella (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th European Fuel Cell Piero Lunghi Conference. , (149-150)

Copyright © 2013 Delta Energy and Environment. Activated Carbon (AC) have been used as cheap alternative cathode for microbial fuel cell (MFC) applications. Different parameters (applied pressure and temperature treatment) have been changed and the c... Read More about Optimized activated carbon cathode in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cell treating acetate.

Dynamic polarisation reveals differential steady-state stabilisation and capacitive-like behaviour in microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Ledezma, P., Degrenne, N., Bevilacqua, P., Buret, F., Allard, B., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2014). Dynamic polarisation reveals differential steady-state stabilisation and capacitive-like behaviour in microbial fuel cells. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 5, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2013.10.008

In this paper we present several preliminary results produced with a purposely-designed external-resistor (R ext ) sweeping tool for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Fast sampling rates show that MFCs exhibit differential steady-state stabilisation behav... Read More about Dynamic polarisation reveals differential steady-state stabilisation and capacitive-like behaviour in microbial fuel cells.

Biodegradation and proton exchange using natural rubber in microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., Rossiter, J., Greenman, J., & Patton, D. (2013). Biodegradation and proton exchange using natural rubber in microbial fuel cells. Biodegradation, 24(6), 733-739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-013-9621-x

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate electricity from waste but to date the technology's development and scale-up has been held-up by the need to incorporate expensive materials. A costly but vital component is the ion exchange membrane (IEM) which c... Read More about Biodegradation and proton exchange using natural rubber in microbial fuel cells.

Comparing terracotta and earthenware for multiple functionalities in microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Greenman, J., Huson, D., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Comparing terracotta and earthenware for multiple functionalities in microbial fuel cells. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 36(12), 1913-1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-013-0967-6

The properties of earthenware and terracotta were investigated in terms of structural integrity and ion conductivity, in two microbial fuel cell (MFC) designs. Parameters such as wall thickness (4, 8, 18 mm), porosity and cathode hydration were analy... Read More about Comparing terracotta and earthenware for multiple functionalities in microbial fuel cells.

Waste to real energy: The first MFC powered mobile phone (2013)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Ieropoulos, I., Ledezma, P., Stinchcombe, A., Papaharalabos, G., Melhuish, C., & Greenman, J. (2013). Waste to real energy: The first MFC powered mobile phone. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15(37), 15312-15316. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52889h

This communication reports for the first time the charging of a commercially available mobile phone, using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) fed with real neat urine. The membrane-less MFCs were made out of ceramic material and employed plain carbon based... Read More about Waste to real energy: The first MFC powered mobile phone.

Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Knoop, O., Lewis, D., Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., …Knoop, O. (2013). Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(3), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.117

This study builds on the previous work of urine utilisation and uses small-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs), working both as individual units in cascade or collectively as a stack, to utilise artificial urine. Artificial urine was prepared at concen... Read More about Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells.

Urine: Waste or resource? The economic and social aspects (2013)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Gajda, I., You, J., & Greenman, J. (2013). Urine: Waste or resource? The economic and social aspects. https://doi.org/10.1166/rase.2013.1033

Photosynthetic cathodes for microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Photosynthetic cathodes for microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(26), 11559-11564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.111

One of the major limiting factors in the practical implementation of Microbial Fuel Cells is finding efficient and sustainable catalysts for the cathode half reaction, in an attempt to avoid expensive and/or toxic catalysts. The use of phototrophic o... Read More about Photosynthetic cathodes for microbial fuel cells.

Power generation and contaminant removal in single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) treating human urine (2013)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., Santoro, C., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Cristiani, P., …Li, B. (2013). Power generation and contaminant removal in single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) treating human urine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(26), 11543-11551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.070

The potential of single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFC) to treat raw, fresh human urine was investigated. The power generation (55 μW) of the SCMFCs with platinum (Pt)-based cathode was higher than those with Pt-free cathodes (23 μW) at the begi... Read More about Power generation and contaminant removal in single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) treating human urine.

Increased power output from micro porous layer (MPL) cathode microbial fuel cells (MFC) (2013)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Papaharalabos, G., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., …Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Increased power output from micro porous layer (MPL) cathode microbial fuel cells (MFC). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(26), 11552-11558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.138

Microbial fuel cells are bio-electrochemical transducers that utilise microorganisms to generate electricity, through the oxidation of organic matter. They consist of a negative anode and a positive cathode, separated by an ion selective membrane. Th... Read More about Increased power output from micro porous layer (MPL) cathode microbial fuel cells (MFC).

Use of an in vitro flat-bed biofilm model to measure biologically active anti-odour compounds (2013)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Saad, S., Hewett, K., & Greenman, J. (2013). Use of an in vitro flat-bed biofilm model to measure biologically active anti-odour compounds. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(17), 7865-7875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5084-6

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a modified flat-bed perfusion biofilm matrix system for testing toothpaste formulations directly, without dilution, as a layer in direct contact with the biofilm matrix surface. Final biof... Read More about Use of an in vitro flat-bed biofilm model to measure biologically active anti-odour compounds.

Oxygenic phototrophic biofilms for improved cathode performance in microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Walter, X. A., Walter, X. A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Oxygenic phototrophic biofilms for improved cathode performance in microbial fuel cells. Algal Research, 2(3), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2013.02.002

The rate of oxygen reduction reaction in the cathodic chambers of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is a typical limiting aspect of its performance. Recently, research on biocathodes has gained more interest as it allows circumventing the utilisation of ex... Read More about Oxygenic phototrophic biofilms for improved cathode performance in microbial fuel cells.

Current generation in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) treating urine (2013)
Journal Article
Santoro, C., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Cristiani, P., Vadas, T., Mackay, A., & Li, B. (2013). Current generation in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) treating urine. Journal of Power Sources, 238, 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.095

This study investigated a novel treatment process for human urine in membraneless single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). The performances of SCMFCs with Pt-based or Pt-free cathode were tested for over 1000 hours of operation. The pH of the an... Read More about Current generation in membraneless single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) treating urine.

Volatiles from oral anaerobes confounding breath biomarker discovery (2013)
Journal Article
De Lacy Costello, B., Khalid, T. Y., Ratcliffe, N. M., Khalid, T., Saad, S., Greenman, J., …Ratcliffe, N. M. (2013). Volatiles from oral anaerobes confounding breath biomarker discovery. Journal of Breath Research, 7(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017114

The levels of compounds in exhaled mouth air do not necessarily reflect levels in the systemic circulation as bacteria can bio-transform substrates to produce compounds within the mouth. This should be of concern to researchers measuring breath volat... Read More about Volatiles from oral anaerobes confounding breath biomarker discovery.

The first self-sustainable microbial fuel cell stack (2013)
Journal Article
Ledezma, P., Stinchcombe, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). The first self-sustainable microbial fuel cell stack. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15(7), 2278-2281. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp44548d

This study reports for the first time on the development of a self-sustainable microbial fuel cell stack capable of self-maintenance (feeding, hydration, sensing & reporting). Furthermore, the stack system is producing excess energy, which can be use... Read More about The first self-sustainable microbial fuel cell stack.

Effects of sulphate addition and sulphide inhibition on microbial fuel cells (2013)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Gálvez, A., Ieropoulos, I., Ieropoulos, I., Gálvez, A., & Greenman, J. (2013). Effects of sulphate addition and sulphide inhibition on microbial fuel cells. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 52(1), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.10.002

The effects of adding sulphate in: (i) standard activated sludge microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and (ii) larger-scale leachate-treating columns - both as individual units and as a system connected in cascade - are reported. S-replete power output was ∼2... Read More about Effects of sulphate addition and sulphide inhibition on microbial fuel cells.

Bi-directional electrical characterisation of microbial fuel cell (2013)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Greenman, J., Ledezma, P., Degrenne, N., Ledezma, P., Bevilacqua, P., …Ieropoulos, I. (2013). Bi-directional electrical characterisation of microbial fuel cell. Bioresource Technology, 128, 769-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.110

The electrical performance of microbial fuel cells in steady-state is usually investigated by standard characterisation methods that reveal many important parameters e.g. maximum power. This paper introduces a novel " bi-directional" method to study... Read More about Bi-directional electrical characterisation of microbial fuel cell.

MFC-cascade stacks maximise COD reduction and avoid voltage reversal under adverse conditions (2013)
Journal Article
Ledezma, P., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). MFC-cascade stacks maximise COD reduction and avoid voltage reversal under adverse conditions. Bioresource Technology, 134, 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.119

Six continuous-flow Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) configured as a vertical cascade and tested under different electrical connections are presented. When in parallel, stable operation and higher power and current densities than individual MFCs were obse... Read More about MFC-cascade stacks maximise COD reduction and avoid voltage reversal under adverse conditions.

MPL based anode for improved performance in microbial fuel cells (2013)
Conference Proceeding
You, J., Santoro, C., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., Cristiani, P., Li, B., & Ieropoulos, I. (2013). MPL based anode for improved performance in microbial fuel cells

Copyright © 2013 Delta Energy and Environment. Two different anode materials, carbon veil and carbon cloth, were modified with a micro-porous layer for microbial fuel cells. 2.2 and 1.8 times higher power was achieved as a result of this modification... Read More about MPL based anode for improved performance in microbial fuel cells.

Maximising electricity production by controlling the biofilm specific growth rate in microbial fuel cells (2012)
Journal Article
Ledezma, P., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2012). Maximising electricity production by controlling the biofilm specific growth rate in microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 118, 615-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.054

The aim of this work is to study the relationship between growth rate and electricity production in perfusion-electrode microbial fuel cells (MFCs), across a wide range of flow rates by co-measurement of electrical output and changes in population nu... Read More about Maximising electricity production by controlling the biofilm specific growth rate in microbial fuel cells.

Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions (2012)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., & Greenman, J. (2012). Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions. Journal of Breath Research, 6(2), 024001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/6/2/024001

Microbial cultures and/or microbial associated diseases often have a characteristic smell. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by all microorganisms as part of their normal metabolism. The types and classes of VOC produced is wide, includi... Read More about Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions.

Electrochemically activated solutions: Evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments (2012)
Journal Article
Lee, S. W., Thorn, R., Robinson, G., Greenman, J., & Reynolds, D. M. (2012). Electrochemically activated solutions: Evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 31(5), 641-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1369-9

Due to the limitations associated with the use of existing biocidal agents, there is a need to explore new methods of disinfection to help maintain effective bioburden control, especially within the healthcare environment. The transformation of low m... Read More about Electrochemically activated solutions: Evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments.

Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells (2012)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2012). Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 110, 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.095

Seven miniature microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were hydraulically linked in sequence and operated in continuous-flow (cascade). Power output and treatment efficiency were investigated using varying organic loads, flow-rates and electrical configurations... Read More about Investigating a cascade of seven hydraulically connected microbial fuel cells.

Effect of mouth-rinse formulations on oral malodour processes in tongue-derived perfusion biofilm model (2012)
Journal Article
Saad, S., Hewett, K., & Greenman, J. (2012). Effect of mouth-rinse formulations on oral malodour processes in tongue-derived perfusion biofilm model. Journal of Breath Research, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/016001

An in vitro matrix biofilm perfusion model of tongue-derived microcosms for studying volatile sulfur compound (VSC) biogenesis has been previously described. The model was modified in order to monitor H 2 S in situ by use of a specialized electrode a... Read More about Effect of mouth-rinse formulations on oral malodour processes in tongue-derived perfusion biofilm model.

Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future (2012)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2012). Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14(1), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp23213d

This communication reports for the first time the direct utilisation of urine in MFCs for the production of electricity. Different conversion efficiencies were recorded, depending on the amount treated. Elements such as N, P, K can be locked into new... Read More about Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; Energy fuel for the future.

Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis (2012)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2012). Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis. ChemSusChem, 5(6), 1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200283

The development of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has seen an enormous growth over the last hundred years since its inception by Potter in 1911. The technology has reached a level of maturity that it is now considered to be a field in its o... Read More about Microbial fuel cells for robotics: Energy autonomy through artificial symbiosis.

Urine as a suitable fuel for microbial fuel cells (2011)
Conference Proceeding
Ieropoulos, I. A., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2011). Urine as a suitable fuel for microbial fuel cells. In P. Lunghi, S. Ubertini, & V. Cigolotti (Eds.), Proceedings of EFC11. , (325-326)

MFCs show promise in utilising a wide variety of organic sources. This paper describes the utilisation of neat urine as the main feedstock, with conversion efficiencies of >50%. Power densities of 4.93mW/m2 were recorded when 48 small-scale MFCs were... Read More about Urine as a suitable fuel for microbial fuel cells.

Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells (2011)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Dennis, J. (2011). Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 34(4), 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-010-0491-x

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can 'treat' wastewater but individually are thermodynamically restricted. Scale-up might, therefore, require a plurality of units operating in a stack which could introduce losses simply through fluidic connections. Experi... Read More about Investigating the effects of fluidic connection between microbial fuel cells.

The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells (2011)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Dennis, J. (2011). The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 81(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.01.001

A method for assessing the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is the polarisation sweep where different external resistances are applied at set intervals (sample rates). The resulting power curves often exhibit an overshoot where both power a... Read More about The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells.

Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodour (2011)
Journal Article
Saad, S., Greenman, J., & Shaw, H. (2011). Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodour. Oral Diseases, 17(2), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01714.x

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to compare a new mouthwash (SB12®) containing 0.025% chlorhexidine and 0.3% zinc for oral malodour reduction against four commercially available mouthwashes and negative control. A secondary aim was to co... Read More about Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodour.

Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro (2011)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., Reynolds, D. M., & Greenman, J. (2011). Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 84(2), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.12.001

Volatile compounds (VCs) are produced by all microorganisms as part of their normal metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether bacterial VC profiles could be used to discriminate between selected bacterial species and strains in vitro... Read More about Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro.

Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro (2011)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., Reynolds, D. M., & Greenman, J. (2011). Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 84(2), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.12.001

Volatile compounds (VCs) are produced by all microorganisms as part of their normal metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether bacterial VC profiles could be used to discriminate between selected bacterial species and strains in vitro... Read More about Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro.

Microbial fuel cells: Scalability and their use in robotics (2011)
Book Chapter
Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Melhuish, C. (2011). Microbial fuel cells: Scalability and their use in robotics. In N. Eliaz (Ed.), Applications of Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine I (239-290). Springer

This is probably the first written and relatively accurate description of microorganisms, made by the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 B.C.). It was then Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (ca. 1677) who, for the first time, observed little animals... Read More about Microbial fuel cells: Scalability and their use in robotics.

Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Winfield, J., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2010). Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output. ECS Transactions, 28(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3492221

The present study, reports on the findings of connecting 2 stacks of 48 MFCs and the importance of maturity and acclimation for the anodic biofilms. Furthermore, an attempt is made to emphasize the importance of a universal unit for quantifying power... Read More about Small scale microbial fuel cells and different ways of reporting output.

MFCs and algae (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I. A., Greenman, J., & Sauer, M. (2010). MFCs and algae. ECS Transactions, 28(9), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3492223

Algae and photosynthetic bacteria may be integrated or associated with Microbial Fuel Cells MFCs in a number of different ways including: (1) use of whole (intact) or lipid-extracted lyzed cells as the primary carbon-energy source for anodic microbia... Read More about MFCs and algae.

Microbial fuel cell driven behavioral dynamics in robot simulations (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Montebelli, A., Lowe, R., Ieropoulos, I., Melhuish, C., Greenman, J., & Ziemke, T. (2010). Microbial fuel cell driven behavioral dynamics in robot simulations. In M. Hanczyc, M. Dorr, & H. Fellermann (Eds.), Artificial Life XII: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. , (749-756)

With the present study we report the first application of a recently proposed model for realistic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) energy generation dynamics, suitable for robotic simulations with minimal and extremely limited computational overhead. A si... Read More about Microbial fuel cell driven behavioral dynamics in robot simulations.

Grounding motivation in energy autonomy: A study of artificial metabolism constrained robot dynamics (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Lowe, R., Montebelli, A., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Ziemke, T. (2010). Grounding motivation in energy autonomy: A study of artificial metabolism constrained robot dynamics. In H. Fellermann, M. Hanczyc, & M. Dorr (Eds.), Artificial Life XII: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. , (725-732)

We present an evolutionary robotics investigation into the metabolism constrained homeostatic dynamics of a simulated robot. Unlike existing research that has focused on either energy or motivation autonomy the robot described here is considered in t... Read More about Grounding motivation in energy autonomy: A study of artificial metabolism constrained robot dynamics.

The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells (2010)
Journal Article
Winfield, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2010). The overshoot phenomenon as a function of internal resistance in microbial fuel cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 150(Supp), 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.072

EcoBot-III: A robot with guts (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2010). EcoBot-III: A robot with guts. In H. Fellermann, M. Dörr, M. M. Hanczyc, L. L. Laursen, S. Maurer, D. Merkle, …S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life XII: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, ALIFE 2010. , (733-740)

This paper describes the work carried out to develop EcoBot- III, which is a robot with an artificial digestion system. The robot is powered by Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and it is designed to collect food and water from the environment, digest the... Read More about EcoBot-III: A robot with guts.

Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Winfield, J., & Greenman, J. (2010). Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, 101(10), 3520-3525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.108

To process large volumes of wastewater, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) would require anodophilic bacteria preferably operating at high flow-rates. The effect of flow-rate on different microbial consortia was examined during anodic biofilm development, u... Read More about Effects of flow-rate, inoculum and time on the internal resistance of microbial fuel cells.

Modelling the effects of pH on tongue biofilm using a sorbarod biofilm perfusion system (2010)
Journal Article
Taylor, B., & Greenman, J. (2010). Modelling the effects of pH on tongue biofilm using a sorbarod biofilm perfusion system. Journal of Breath Research, 4(1), 017107. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/4/1/017107

The pH of the tongue biofilm is likely to influence microbial composition and ecology with consequent effects on the metabolic activities and generation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and other malodour gasses. The aim of this study was to identi... Read More about Modelling the effects of pH on tongue biofilm using a sorbarod biofilm perfusion system.

Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells (2010)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2010). Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 78(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.05.009

This study reports on the findings from the investigation into small-scale (6.25mL) MFCs, connected together as a network of multiple units. The MFCs contained unmodified (no catalyst) carbon fibre electrodes and for initial and later experiments, a... Read More about Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells.

Evaluation of the efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions against nosocomial pathogens and bacterial endospores (2010)
Journal Article
Salisbury, V. C., Robinson, G. M., Lee, S. W., Greenman, J., & Reynolds, D. M. (2010). Evaluation of the efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions against nosocomial pathogens and bacterial endospores. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 50(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02790.x

Aims: Electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS) are generated from halide salt solutions via specially designed electrolytic cells. The active solutions are known to possess high biocidal activity against a wide range of target microbial species,... Read More about Evaluation of the efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions against nosocomial pathogens and bacterial endospores.

Comparative analysis of different polymer materials for the construction of microbial fuel cell stacks (2010)
Journal Article
Ledezma, P., Ieropoulos, I., & Greenman, J. (2010). Comparative analysis of different polymer materials for the construction of microbial fuel cell stacks. Journal of Biotechnology, 150, 143-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.373

Peripherals of BES from processing current to data transmission (2009)
Book Chapter
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). Peripherals of BES from processing current to data transmission. In K. Rabaey, L. Angenent, U. Schroder, & J. Keller (Eds.), Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Extracellular Electron Transfer to Biotechnological Applications. London: IWA Publishing

Artificial life models in hardware (2009)
Book
Komosinski, M., Adamatzky, A., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C., & Horsfield, I. (2009). A. Adamatzky, & M. Komosinski (Eds.), Artificial life models in hardware. London: Spinger-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-530-7

Hopping, climbing and swimming robots, nano-size neural networks, motorless walkers, slime mould and chemical brains - 'Artificial Life Models in Hardware' offers unique designs and prototypes of life-like creatures in conventional hardware and hybri... Read More about Artificial life models in hardware.

A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments (2009)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., & Greenman, J. (2009). A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107(6), 2070-2079. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04398.x

Aims: To develop an in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model that could be used to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of topically applied treatments. Methods and Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were grown within... Read More about A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments.

Monitoring the real-time in situ decontamination of surfaces and objects using bacterial bioluminescence (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Robinson, G. M., Lee, S., Greenman, J., Salisbury, V., & Reynolds, D. M. (2009, November). Monitoring the real-time in situ decontamination of surfaces and objects using bacterial bioluminescence. Poster presented at 1st International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology, Bristol, UK

Bacterial bioluminescence as a real-time bio reporter of the efficacy of fast-acting disinfectants (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Robinson, G. M., Tonks, K., Lee, S., Greenman, J., Salisbury, V., & Reynolds, D. M. (2009, November). Bacterial bioluminescence as a real-time bio reporter of the efficacy of fast-acting disinfectants. Poster presented at 1st International Conference on Bio-Sensing Technology, Bristol, UK

Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality (2009)
Journal Article
Gálvez, A., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2009). Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality. Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 5085-5091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.061

Three Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) were fluidically connected in series, with a single feed-line going into the 1st column through the 2nd column and finally as a single outflow coming from the 3rd column. Provision was also made for re-circulation in... Read More about Landfill leachate treatment with microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality.

Models of tongue malodour (review) (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Greenman, J. (2009, April). Models of tongue malodour (review). Paper presented at BREATH 2009 International Conference on Breath and Breath Odor Research, Dortmund, Germany

Volatiles from oral anaerobes (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Khalid, T., Ratcliffe, N. M., de Lacy Costello, B., Greenman, J., & Saad, S. (2009, April). Volatiles from oral anaerobes. Paper presented at BREATH 2009 International Conference on Breath and Breath Odor Research, Dortmund Germany

Long term (10 month) stablility of tongue biofilm components, microbial ecology and oral malodour (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Saad, S., & Greenman, J. (2009, April). Long term (10 month) stablility of tongue biofilm components, microbial ecology and oral malodour. Paper presented at BREATH 2009 International Conference on Breath and Breath Odor Research, Dortmund, Germany

Modelling the effects of pH on tongue biofilm using Sorbarod Biofilm Perfusion System (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Taylor, B., Greenman, J., Salisbury, V., & Nelson, S. (2009, April). Modelling the effects of pH on tongue biofilm using Sorbarod Biofilm Perfusion System. Paper presented at BREATH 2009 International Conference on Breath and Breath Odor Research, Dortmund, Germany

In vitro model of tongue malodour (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Greenman, J. (2009, April). In vitro model of tongue malodour. Paper presented at BREATH 2009 International Conference on Breath and Breath Odor Research, Dortmund, Germany

Relating breath malodour to food constituents and oral health (2009)
Book Chapter
Greenman, J., & Benkara Mostefa Saad, S. (2009). Relating breath malodour to food constituents and oral health. In M. Wilson (Ed.), Food constituents and oral health: Current status and future prospects. Woodhead Publishing Limited

Electricity from landfill leachate using microbial fuel cells: Comparison with a biological aerated filter (2009)
Journal Article
Gálvez, A., Greenman, J., Giusti, L., & Ieropoulos, I. (2009). Electricity from landfill leachate using microbial fuel cells: Comparison with a biological aerated filter. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 44(2), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.012

Four experimental columns were employed in this study to investigate their performance under wastewater treatment conditions. One column was set-up as a biological aerated filter and the remaining three were set-up as microbial fuel cells (MFCs), two... Read More about Electricity from landfill leachate using microbial fuel cells: Comparison with a biological aerated filter.

A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments (2009)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., & Greenman, J. (2009). A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107(6), 2070-2079. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04398.x

To develop an in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model that could be used to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of topically applied treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were grown within co... Read More about A novel in vitro flat-bed perfusion biofilm model for determining the potential antimicrobial efficacy of topical wound treatments.

Effects of chlorhexidine on a tongue-flora microcosm and VSC production using an in vitro biofilm perfusion model (2008)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., McKenzie, C., Saad, S., Wiegand, B., & Zguris, J. C. (2008). Effects of chlorhexidine on a tongue-flora microcosm and VSC production using an in vitro biofilm perfusion model. Journal of Breath Research, 2(4), 046005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046005

An in vitro perfusion biofilm model, derived from tongue-scrape microflora removed from one individual, was employed to study sulfide biogenesis and the effects of repeated exposure to chlorhexidine (CHX). Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) were measure... Read More about Effects of chlorhexidine on a tongue-flora microcosm and VSC production using an in vitro biofilm perfusion model.

Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE) (2008)
Journal Article
Greenman, J., Ieropoulos, I., & Melhuish, C. (2008). Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE). International Journal of Unconventional Computing, 4(1), 23-32

This paper presents a theoretical approach to biological computing, using biofilm electrodes by illustrating a simplified Pavlovian learning model. The theory behind this approach was based on empirical data produced from a prototype version of these... Read More about Biological computing using perfusion anodophile biofilm electrodes (PABE).

Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability (2008)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Melhuish, C. (2008). Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability. International Journal of Energy Research, 32(13), 1228-1240. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1419

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three different sizes of microbial fuel cell (MFC) when operated under continuous flow conditions using acetate as the fuel substrate and show how small-scale multiple units may be best configur... Read More about Microbial fuel cells based on carbon veil electrodes: Stack configuration and scalability.

Halitosis (breath odor) (2008)
Journal Article
Scully, C., & Greenman, J. (2008). Halitosis (breath odor). Periodontology 2000, 48(1), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00266.x

Monitoring indoles and diamines: A screen-printed sensors and biosensors approach (2008)
Presentation / Conference
McGuire, N. D., Greenman, J., Bradshaw, D., & Hart, J. P. (2008, September). Monitoring indoles and diamines: A screen-printed sensors and biosensors approach. Paper presented at Electrochemistry Group Faraday and Analytical Division, Royal Society of Chemistry, Electrochemical Technology Group, Society of Chemical Industry, University of Liverpool, UK

Tongue biofilm areal density and tongue coating index (2008)
Journal Article
Saad, S., & Greenman, J. (2008). Tongue biofilm areal density and tongue coating index. Journal of Breath Research, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/2/1/017008

Two methods have been employed to measure the amount of tongue biofilm in humans: (1) areal density of microbes (cfu cm-2) (tongue scrape from a known/measured area), or (2) a tongue-coating index, where a human judge assesses the amount of 'coating'... Read More about Tongue biofilm areal density and tongue coating index.

Modelling oral malodour from a tongue biofilm (2008)
Journal Article
Hess, J., Greenman, J., & Duffield, J. (2008). Modelling oral malodour from a tongue biofilm. Journal of Breath Research, 2(1), 017003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/2/1/017003

A new model about the genesis of malodour emanating from the tongue is introduced. A new approach uses mathematical formulae to combine existing empirical knowledge and bring it into context. The resulting description of halitosis includes the three-... Read More about Modelling oral malodour from a tongue biofilm.

In vitro biofilm model for studying tongue flora and malodour (2007)
Journal Article
Spencer, P., Greenman, J., McKenzie, C., Gafan, G., Spratt, D., & Flanagan, A. (2007). In vitro biofilm model for studying tongue flora and malodour. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(4), 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03344.x

Aims: To develop a perfusion biofilm system to model tongue biofilm microflora and their physiological response to sulfur-containing substrates (S-substrates) in terms of volatile sulfide compound (VSC) production. Methods and Results: Tongue-scrape... Read More about In vitro biofilm model for studying tongue flora and malodour.

Use of a bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain within an in vitro microbiological system, as a model of wound infection, to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of wound dressings by monitoring light production (2007)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., Nelson, S., & Greenman, J. (2007). Use of a bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain within an in vitro microbiological system, as a model of wound infection, to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of wound dressings by monitoring light production. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51(9), 3217-3224. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00302-07

A bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa was incorporated into an in vitro static diffusion method to determine whether light output could be used as a measure of wound dressing efficacy. A significant linear correlation was observed between viable co... Read More about Use of a bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain within an in vitro microbiological system, as a model of wound infection, to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of wound dressings by monitoring light production.

Artificial gills for robots: MFC behaviour in water (2007)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Melhuish, C., & Greenman, J. (2007). Artificial gills for robots: MFC behaviour in water. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 2(3), S83. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/2/3/S02

This paper reports on the first stage in developing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which can operate underwater by utilizing dissolved oxygen. In this context, the cathodic half-cell is likened to an artificial gill. Such an underwater power generator h... Read More about Artificial gills for robots: MFC behaviour in water.

Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought (2006)
Journal Article
Melhuish, C., Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J., & Horsfield, I. (2006). Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought. Autonomous Robots, 21(3), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-6574-5

This paper reports on the robot EcoBot-II, which is designed to power itself solely by converting unrefined insect biomass into useful energy using on-board microbial fuel cells with oxygen cathodes. In bench experiments different 'fuels' (sugar, fru... Read More about Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought.

In vitro method to assess the antimicrobial activity and potential efficacy of novel types of wound dressings (2005)
Journal Article
Thorn, R., Greenman, J., & Austin, A. J. (2005). In vitro method to assess the antimicrobial activity and potential efficacy of novel types of wound dressings. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(4), 895-901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02671.x

Aims: To develop a simple, reproducible in vitro static diffusion method using cellulose disks and defined species to test antimicrobial efficacy of wound dressings. Methods and Results: Cellulose disks were inoculated by immersion in cell suspension... Read More about In vitro method to assess the antimicrobial activity and potential efficacy of novel types of wound dressings.

EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism (2005)
Journal Article
Ieropoulos, I., Melhuish, C., Greenman, J., & Horsfield, I. (2005). EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 2(4), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.5772/5777

In this paper we report the development of the robot EcoBot-II, which exhibits a primitive form of artificial symbiosis. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) were used as the onboard energy supply, which consisted of bacterial cultures from sewage sludge and... Read More about EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism.

Study on the organoleptic intensity scale for measuring oral malodor (2004)
Journal Article
Spencer, P., Duffield, J., Greenman, J., Rosenberg, M., Corry, D., Saad, S., …El-Maaytah, M. (2004). Study on the organoleptic intensity scale for measuring oral malodor. Journal of Dental Research, 83(1), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300116

The 0-5 organoleptic scale is used widely in breath research and in trials to measure the efficacy of anti-odor agents. However, the precise relationship between odor scores and gas concentrations of target odorants is unknown. The purpose of this st... Read More about Study on the organoleptic intensity scale for measuring oral malodor.

Development of vapour phase, screen printed amperometric sensors for the measurement of indole and skatole: application to their determination in oral malodour
Presentation / Conference
McGuire, N. D., Greenman, J., Bradshaw, D., & Hart, J. P. Development of vapour phase, screen printed amperometric sensors for the measurement of indole and skatole: application to their determination in oral malodour. Paper presented at Great Western Electrochemistry Group (6th Annual Meeting), University of Bath