Skip to main content

Research Repository

Advanced Search

Outputs (75)

Estimating water storage from images (2024)
Conference Proceeding
Shahbaz, A., Yunas, S., Smith, L., & Staddon, C. (2024). Estimating water storage from images. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) (3375-3379). https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData59044.2023.10386262

This paper introduces a novel approach to estimate domestic water storage within households by leveraging the classical computer vision technique of object detection. Ensuring universal access to safe drinking water is a critical component of achievi... Read More about Estimating water storage from images.

3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L., Boyd, S., Bhatta, D., & Smith, M. (in press). 3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy.

The significant beneficial effects of physiotherapy as a treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, is well known. However, the challenge for already stressed healthcare systems to provide effective physiotherapy to an aging population, that h... Read More about 3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy.

Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa (2022)
Presentation / Conference
Olisah, C., Smith, L. N., & Smith, M. L. (2022, July). Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa. Paper presented at 17th International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining MLDM 2022, New York, USA

Existing machine learning models for crop yield prediction model environmental data on the assumption that soil variables are unaffected by weather variables and therefore learn their intrinsic features independently. If the focus of crop yield predi... Read More about Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa.

Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective (2022)
Journal Article
Olisah, C. C., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2022). Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 220, Article 106773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106773

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from the inadequacy of the body to secrete and respond to insulin. If not properly managed or diagnosed on time, diabetes can pose a ris... Read More about Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective.

Precision fibre angle inspection for carbon fibre composite structures using polarisation vision (2021)
Journal Article
Atkinson, G., O'Hara Nash, S., & Smith, L. (2021). Precision fibre angle inspection for carbon fibre composite structures using polarisation vision. Electronics, 10(22), Article 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222765

This paper evaluates the precision of polarisation imaging technology for the inspection of carbon fibre composite components. Specifically, it assesses the feasibility of the technology for fibre orientation measurements based on the premise that li... Read More about Precision fibre angle inspection for carbon fibre composite structures using polarisation vision.

A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction (2021)
Conference Proceeding
Olisah, C., Adeleye, O., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2022). A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction. In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2021 (775-792). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89880-9_58

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia which results from the inadequacy of the body to secret and responds to insulin. If not properly managed or diagnosed on time, diabetes can pose a risk to vital body organs such... Read More about A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction.

Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs (2021)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Baxter, E. M., Rutherford, K. M. D., Futro, A., Smith, M. L., & Smith, L. N. (2021). Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs. Agriculture, 11(9), Article 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090847

Animal welfare is not only an ethically important consideration in good animal husbandry but can also have a significant effect on an animal’s productivity. The aim of this paper was to show that a reduction in animal welfare, in the form of increase... Read More about Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs.

Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo (2021)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L. N., Langhof, M. P., Hansen, M. F., & Smith, M. L. (2021). Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595439

Palmprints are of considerable interest as a reliable biometric, since they offer significant advantages, such as greater user acceptance than fingerprint or iris recognition. 2D systems can be spoofed by a photograph of a hand; however, 3D avoids th... Read More about Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo.

The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions (2021)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Hansen, M. F. (2021). The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions. Computers in Industry, 130, Article 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2021.103472

Over the past few years, what might not unreasonably be described as a true revolution has taken place in the field of machine vision, radically altering the way many things had previously been done and offering new and exciting opportunities for tho... Read More about The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions.

A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples (2020)
Journal Article
Atkinson, G. A., Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Reynolds, C. K., Humphries, D. J., Moorby, J. M., …Kingston-Smith, A. H. (2020). A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 17557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74511-0

The digestive health of cows is one of the primary factors that determine their well-being and productivity. Under- and over-feeding are both commonplace in the beef and dairy industry; leading to welfare issues, negative environmental impacts, and e... Read More about A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples.

Understanding unconventional preprocessors in deep convolutional neural networks for face identification (2019)
Journal Article
Olisah, C. C., & Smith, L. (2019). Understanding unconventional preprocessors in deep convolutional neural networks for face identification. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11), https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1538-5

Deep convolutional neural networks have achieved huge successes in application domains like object and face recognition. The performance gain is attributed to different facets of the network architecture such as: depth of the convolutional layers, ac... Read More about Understanding unconventional preprocessors in deep convolutional neural networks for face identification.

Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L. N., Byrne, A., Hansen, M. F., Zhang, W., & Smith, M. L. (2019). Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks. . https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530092

Automatic identification and selective spraying of weeds (such as dock) in grass can provide very significant long-term ecological and cost benefits. Although machine vision (with interface to suitable automation) provides an effective means of achie... Read More about Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks.

A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth (2019)
Journal Article
Bernotas, G., Scorza, L. C., Hansen, M. F., Hales, I. J., Halliday, K. J., Smith, L. N., …McCormick, A. J. (2019). A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth. GigaScience, 8(5), Article giz056. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giz056

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distri... Read More about A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth.

Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Volonakis, T. N., Smith, M., Smith, L., Wilson, J., …Wright, G. (2018). Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture.

Weed control in pasture is a challenging problem that can be expensive and environmentally unfriendly. This paper proposes a novel method for recognition of broad-leaf weeds in pasture such that precision weed control can be achieved with reduced her... Read More about Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture.

Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Hansen, M. F., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2018, July). Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification. Paper presented at The 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing, Las Vegas, USA

We present and experimentally demonstrate the potential effectiveness of a photometric stereo based high resolution system for capturing 3D handprints using visible light sources. The sub-surface vascular structures are also enhanced through the use... Read More about Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification.

2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L., Zhang, W., & Smith, M. L. (2018). 2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, & Pattern Recognition. , (16-22)

Research is reported into the design, implementation and functionalities of a vision system that employs the human face as a biometric for enabling ticketless rail travel. The system has been developed to optimise performance in the relatively unstru... Read More about 2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel.

Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems (2018)
Journal Article
Jamil, A., Khan, M., Imran, A., Wakeel, A., Smith, M., Smith, L., …Irfan, M. (2018). Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems. Computers in Industry, 98, 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.005

© 2018 Recent years have shown enthusiastic research interest in weed classification for selective herbicide sprayer systems which are helpful in eradicating unwanted plants such as weeds from fields, minimizing the side effects of chemicals on the e... Read More about Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems.

Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks (2018)
Journal Article
Baxter, E. M., Salter, M. G., Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Hansen, M. F., Hansen, M. F., …Grieve, B. (2018). Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks. Computers in Industry, 98, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.016

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Identification of individual livestock such as pigs and cows has become a pressing issue in recent years as intensification practices continue to be adopted and precise objective measurements are required (e.g. weight). Current b... Read More about Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks.

Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field (2018)
Journal Article
Smith, L., Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Hales, I., & Smith, M. (2018). Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field. Computers in Industry, 97, 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.002

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Machine vision systems offer great potential for automating crop control, harvesting, fruit picking, and a range of other agricultural tasks. However, most of the reported research on machine vision in agriculture involves a 2D a... Read More about Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field.

Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction (2018)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Grieve, B. (2018). Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction. Computers in Industry, 98, 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.006

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Leaf venation extraction studies have been strongly discouraged by considerable challenges posed by venation architectures that are complex, diverse and subtle. Additionally, unpredictable local leaf curvatures, undesirable ambie... Read More about Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction.

Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device (2018)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Abdul Jabbar, K., & Forbes, D. (2018). Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device. Computers in Industry, 98, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.011

© 2018 Here we propose a low-cost automated system for the unobtrusive and continuous welfare monitoring of dairy cattle on the farm. We argue that effective and regular monitoring of multiple condition traits is not currently practicable and go on t... Read More about Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device.

BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum (2017)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Farooq, A. R., Sohaib, A., Farooq, A., Smith, L., …Broadbent, L. (2017). BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum. Sensor Review, 37(4), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-11-2016-0258

© Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose - Significant research has been carried out in terms of development of new bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) instruments; however, there is still little research available regarding spectral... Read More about BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum.

Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping (2017)
Conference Proceeding
Halliday, K., Smith, L., Hansen, M., Smith, M., Bernotas, G., Scorza, L., …Smith, M. (2017). Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping

The dynamic quantification of growth traits is critical for building accurate modelling tools to predict plant behaviour under different growth environments, and consequently in designing strategies to improve plant health and overall yields. We are... Read More about Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping.

Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, December). Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video. Paper presented at Visual observation and analysis of Vertebrate And Insect Behavior (VAIB), 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Cancun, Mexico

We investigate two locomotion traits in dairy cows from overhead 3D video to observe lameness trends. Detecting lameness -particularly at an early stage- is important in order to allow early treatment which maximizes detection benefits. The proposed... Read More about Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video.

Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video (2016)
Journal Article
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M. L., & Smith, L. N. (2017). Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video. Biosystems Engineering, 153, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.017

© 2016 IAgrE Lameness is a major issue in dairy herds and its early and automated detection offers animal welfare benefits together with potentially high commercial savings for farmers. Current advancements in automated detection have not achieved a... Read More about Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video.

Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, October). Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video. Paper presented at Eighth International Conference on Graphic and Image Processing (ICGIP 2016), Tokyo, Japan

We present a spine arch analysis method in dairy cows using overhead 3D video data. This method is aimed for early stage lameness detection. That is important in order to allow early treatment; and thus, reduce the animal suffering and minimize the h... Read More about Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video.

Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, October). Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video. Paper presented at IEEE ICSAE Conference, Newcastle, UK

Abstract— To date, there has not been a single method suitable for large-scale or regular-basis implementation to analyze the locomotion of quadruped animals. Existing methods are not sensitive enough for detecting minor deviations from healthy gait... Read More about Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video.

Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Farooq, A. R., Smith, M. L., Ivanov, I. E., & Orlando, A. (2017). Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 13(2), Article e1761. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.1761

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Background: Remote consultations that are realistic enough to be useful medically offer considerable clinical, logistical and cost benefits. Despite advances in virtual reality and vision hardware and softwa... Read More about Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction.

Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. R. (2016). Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach. Sensor Review, 36(3), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-06-2015-0098

© Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose - This paper aims to introduce an unsupervised modular approach for eye centre localisation in images and videos following a coarse-to-fine, global-to-regional scheme. The design of the algorithm aims at ex... Read More about Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach.

Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 149, 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2016.03.014

© 2016 Elsevier Inc. The identification of visual cues in facial images has been widely explored in the broad area of computer vision. However theoretical analyses are often not transformed into widespread assistive Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) s... Read More about Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction.

Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33(3), 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.33.000314

© 2016 Optical Society of America. This paper introduces an unsupervised modular approach for accurate and real-time eye center localization in images and videos, thus allowing a coarse-to-fine, global-to-regional scheme. The trajectories of eye cent... Read More about Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction.

Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions? (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions?. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33(3), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.33.000333

© 2016 Optical Society of America. This paper seeks to compare encoded features from both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) face images in order to achieve automatic gender recognition with high accuracy and robustness. The Fisher vecto... Read More about Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions?.

A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function (2015)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Fletcher, M. E., & Henderson, A. J. (2016). A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 12(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.1669

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Background: Respiratory function testing is important for detecting and monitoring illness, however, it is difficult for some patients, such as the young and severely ill, to perform conventional tests that... Read More about A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function.

Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis (2015)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., John, N. W., Smith, L., Sun, J., & Smith, M. (2015). Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 53(10), 961-974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-015-1281-z

© 2015, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. Two-dimensional asymmetry, border irregularity, colour variegation and diameter (ABCD) features are important indicators currently used for computer-assisted diagnosis of malign... Read More about Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis.

3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging (2015)
Journal Article
Sohaib, A., Farooq, A. R., Ahmed, J., Smith, L. N., & Smith, M. N. (2015). 3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging. Journal of Modern Optics, 62(11), 927-932. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1016130

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. This paper presents a novel algorithm for improved shape recovery using polarisation-based photometric stereo. The majority of previous research using photometric stereo involves 3D reconstruction using both the diffuse and... Read More about 3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging.

A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement (2015)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Farooq, A. R., Smith, L. N., Sun, J., Xu, X., Farooq, A., …smith, M. (2015). A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement. Sensor Review, 35(4), 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-01-2015-0018

© 2015 © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose-This paper aims to review state of the art of techniques for dimensioning chronic wounds, and validate the possibilities of employing a new proposed optical imaging approach for general task of wound... Read More about A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement.

An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region (2014)
Journal Article
Ahmad, J., Sun, J., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2014). An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region. Pattern Recognition Letters, 50, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2013.09.005

© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Although photometric stereo offers an attractive technique for acquiring 3D data using low-cost equipment, inherent limitations in the methodology have served to limit its practical application, particularly... Read More about An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region.

Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Ahmad, J., Sun, J., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2014, July). Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach. Paper presented at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2014, City University London

A non-contact computer vision based system is developed for Pulmonary Functional Testing. The unique and novel features of the system are that it views the patients from both front and back and creates a 3D structure of the whole torso. By observing... Read More about Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach.

Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation (2013)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G. A., Zafeiriou, S., Atkinson, G., …Smith, L. (2013). Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2012.2224109

This paper presents a new database suitable for both 2-D and 3-D face recognition based on photometric stereo (PS): the Photoface database. The database was collected using a custom-made four-source PS device designed to enable data capture with mini... Read More about Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation.

An improved 3D imaging system for dimensional quality inspection of rolled products in the metal industry (2013)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Espina, A., Bulnes, F. G., García, D. F., Usamentiaga, R., Molleda, J., …Smith, L. (2013). An improved 3D imaging system for dimensional quality inspection of rolled products in the metal industry. Computers in Industry, 64(9), 1186-1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.05.002

Measurement, inspection and quality control in industry have benefited from 3D techniques for imaging and visualization in recent years. The development of machine vision devices at decreased costs, as well as their miniaturization and integration in... Read More about An improved 3D imaging system for dimensional quality inspection of rolled products in the metal industry.

Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma (2013)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2013). Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma. British Journal of Dermatology,

Abstract Background Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) of malignant melanoma (MM) has been advocated to help clinicians in achieving a more objective and reliable assessment. However, conventional CAD systems only examine the features extracted from... Read More about Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma.

In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric stereo in the presence of interreflections (2013)
Journal Article
Sohaib, A., Farooq, A., Atkinson, G., Smith, L., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2013). In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric
stereo in the presence of interreflections. Journal of the Optical Society of America A,

This paper proposes and describes an implementation of a novel photometric stereo based technique for in vivo assessment of three-dimensional (3D) skin topography in the presence of interreflections. The proposed method illuminates skin with red, gr... Read More about In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric stereo in the presence of interreflections.

Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications (2013)
Journal Article
Molleda, J., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Broadbent, L., Emrith, K., Emrith, K., …Molleda, J. (2013). Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications. Computers in Industry, 64(9), 1390-1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.03.011

Existing face imaging systems are not suitable to meet the face representation and recognition demands for emerging applications in areas such as interactive gaming, enhanced learning environments and directed advertising. This is mainly due to the p... Read More about Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications.

Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces (2012)
Journal Article
Wedowski, R. D., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2012). Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 50(12), 1765-1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2012.07.003

The dynamic inspection and reverse engineering of specular freeform surfaces is a challenge so far largely unsolved. Products produced in high quantities in industrial environments are still inspected manually which is labour intensive, expensive, mo... Read More about Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces.

Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma (2012)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2012). Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma. Machine Vision and Applications, 23(5), 1029-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0356-6

This article concerns a new type of photometric stereo algorithm for which outliers such as highlights and shadows, including attached and cast shadow, are mixed with Lambertian data. The underlying motivation behind this algorithm is very simple: an... Read More about Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma.

Innovative machine vision technique for 2D/3D complex and irregular surfaces modelling (2012)
Journal Article
complex and irregular surfaces modelling. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 9(5), 113-121

Abstract—This study propose and demonstrates a novel technique incorporating multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks for feature extraction with Photometric stereo based image capture techniques for the analysis of complex and irregular 2D profil... Read More about Innovative machine vision technique for 2D/3D complex and irregular surfaces modelling.

Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point (2012)
Journal Article
Lao, F. Y., Liang, H. R., Huang, M. J., Zhang, Y. T., Wedowski, R., Atkinson, G., …Smith, L. (2012). Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 50(5), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2011.10.013

A branch cutting algorithm is proposed to solve the wrapped isoclinic causing isochromatic discontinuity and thus to decouple the isoclinicisochromatic interaction of photoelastic phase maps. Rather than pixel by pixel, the branch-cutting isoclinic w... Read More about Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point.

Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas (2012)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, L., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2012). Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 50(5), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-012-0895-7

Computerised analysis on skin lesion images has been reported to be helpful in achieving objective and reproducible diagnosis of melanoma. In particular, asymmetry in shape, colour and structure reflects the irregular growth of melanin under the skin... Read More about Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas.

Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions (2012)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2012). Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions. Skin Research and Technology, 18(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00534.x

Background: Early identification of malignant melanoma with the surgical removal of thin lesions is the most effective treatment for skin cancers. A computer-aided diagnostic system assists to improve the diagnostic accuracy, where segmenting lesion... Read More about Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions.

Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions (2011)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Smith, L., Sun, J., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2011). Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 6893 LNCS(PART 3), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23626-6_16

This paper proposes a novel reflectional asymmetry descriptor to quantize the asymmetry of the cutaneous lesions for the discrimination of malignant melanoma from benign nevi. A pigmentation elevation model of the biological indexes is first construc... Read More about Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions.

Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2011, September). Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition. Paper presented at British Machine Vision Conference 2011, Dundee, UK

We present a number of related novel methods for reducing the dimensionality of data for the purposes of 2D and 3D face recognition. Results from psychology show that humans are capable of very good recognition of low resolution images and caricature... Read More about Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition.

The photoface database (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Zafeirou, S., Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Argyriou, V., Petrou, M., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2011, June). The photoface database. Paper presented at Biometrics Workshop of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA

Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma (2011)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Farooq, A., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2011). Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma. Sensor Review, 31(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/02602281111109961

Pur ose - The ur ose of this a er is to describe innovative machine vision methods that have been em loyed for the ca ture and analysis of 3D skin textures; and the resulting otential for assisting with identification of sus icious lesions in the det... Read More about Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma.

Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis (2011)
Journal Article
Warr, R., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2011). Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 35(2), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2010.10.004

This article describes an enhanced curvature pattern based melanoma diagnosis system using convolution techniques and ensemble classifiers. We extract the 3. D data of melanoma with a photometric stereo device first. Then differential forms of the me... Read More about Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis.

High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Wedowski, R., Farooq, A., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2010). High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation. In W. Smari (Ed.), International Conference on High Performance Computing and Simulation (HPCS), 2010 (410-417). https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCS.2010.5547105

We propose a new high speed line tracing algorithm based on a well known differential geometric line extraction algorithm. The previously separate steps of line detection and line tracing are performed simultaneously. This allows the exclusion of non... Read More about High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation.

Human subjectivity to apparent randomness of surface textures (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Emrith, K., Chantler, M. J., Green, P. R., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2010, September). Human subjectivity to apparent randomness of surface textures. Presented at 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Appearance, Gent, Belgium

An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2010, September). An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo. Paper presented at International Conference and Exhibition on Biometrics Technology, Coimbatore, India

This paper is concerned with the acquisition of model data for automatic 3D face recognition applications. As 3D methods become progressively more popular in face recognition research, the need for fast and accurate data capture has become crucial. T... Read More about An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo.

3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light (2010)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2010). 3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 114(8), 942-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2010.03.001

This paper seeks to advance the state-of-the-art in 3D face capture and processing via novel Photometric Stereo (PS) hardware and algorithms. The first contribution is a new high-speed 3D data capture system, which is capable of acquiring four raw im... Read More about 3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light.

An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Zhao, L., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010, July). An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions. Paper presented at 2010 Proceedings of Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA), Warwick

This paper presents an unsupervised segmentation scheme to isolate pigmented skin lesion from surrounding normal skin. An adaptive mean-shift algorithm combined with maximal similarity based region merging is applied with a colour-spatial feature sp... Read More about An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions.

A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network (2010)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2010). A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network. International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control, 9(4), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIC.2010.033212

It has been observed that disruptions in skin patterns are larger for malignant melanoma than for benign lesions. In contrast to existing work on 2D skin line patterns, this work proposes a computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma ba... Read More about A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network.

Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging (2010)
Book Chapter
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010). Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging. In A. Hierlemann (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th IASTED International Conference: Biomedical Engineering (BioMED 2010) February 17-19, 2010 Innsbruck, Austria (249-256). Acta Press

In this paper, we present a statistical study into skull deformations caused by positional plagiocephaly. We also consider the hardware used for the assessment of both severity and treatment. State-of-the-art external imaging hardware is employed to... Read More about Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging.

A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions (2010)
Journal Article
Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010). A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions. Skin Research and Technology, 16(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00403.x

Background/purpose: Automatic quantitative characterization of border irregularity generating useful descriptors is a highly important task for computer-aided diagnosis of melanoma. This paper proposes a novel approach to describe the border irregula... Read More about A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions.

Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo (2010)
Journal Article
Warr, R., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Robert, W. (2010). Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo. Skin Research and Technology, 16(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00384.x

Background/purpose: After the formulation of ABCD rules, many new feature extraction methods are emerging to describe the asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation and diameter of malignant melanoma. In this paper, a new research direction orth... Read More about Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo.

Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views (2009)
Journal Article
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2009). Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 5558 LNCS, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_1

This paper presents a novel method for estimating the three-dimensional shape of faces, facilitating the possibility of enhanced face recognition. The method involves a combined use of photometric stereo and profile view information. It can be divide... Read More about Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views.

Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting (2009)
Journal Article
Farooq, A. R., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2009). Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 5524 LNCS, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02172-5_13

This paper presents a novel 3D face shape capture device suitable for practical face recognition applications. A new surface fitting based face alignment algorithm is then presented to normalise the pose in preparation for recognition. The 3D data ca... Read More about Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting.

Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions (2009)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2009). Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions. Skin Research and Technology, 15(3), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00352.x

Background/purpose: It has been observed that disruptions in skin patterns are larger for malignant melanoma (MM) than benign lesions. In order to extend the classification results achieved for 2D skin patterns, this work intends to investigate the f... Read More about Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions.

Enhanced 3D visualisation of skin disorders for tele-dermatology (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Farooq, A., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Warr, R., & Cotton, S. (2009, July). Enhanced 3D visualisation of skin disorders for tele-dermatology. Paper presented at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2009, Kingston University, London

Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Farooq, A., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2009, June). Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting. Paper presented at Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Povoa de Varzim, Portugal, 2009, Povoa de Varzim, Portugal

Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Sun, J., Smith, M., Farooq, A., & Smith, L. (2009, June). Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy. Paper presented at Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems

Following a review of current hidden objects detection techniques in a range of security applications, a strategy based on an innovative, low-cost photometric stereo technique is proposed to reveal concealed objects. By taking advantage of informatio... Read More about Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy.

Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2009, June). Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views. Paper presented at International Conference on Biometrics, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, 2009, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy

Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis (2008)
Journal Article
Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Coutts, L., Dabis, R., Harland, C., & Bamber, J. (2008). Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis. Skin Research and Technology, 14(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00274.x

Background/purpose: The optical appearance of human skin is highly dependent on the interaction between the illumination (type and position), observer position and the skin surface structure. Different currently available photographic techniques reco... Read More about Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis.

Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities (2007)
Journal Article
Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Midha, S., & Bamber, J. (2007). Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities. Image and Vision Computing, 25(7), 1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2006.04.025

This paper presents a new multi-light source photometric stereo system for reconstructing images of various characteristics of non-Lambertian rough surfaces with widely varying texture and specularity. Compared to the traditional three-light photomet... Read More about Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities.

A knowledge-based system for powder metallurgy technology (2003)
Book
Smith, L. (2003). A knowledge-based system for powder metallurgy technology. UK: John Wiley & Sons

Published as part of the highly successful Engineering Research Series , A Knowledge–Based System for Powder Metallurgy Technology not only looks at the latest advances in powder metallurgy, but also presents a methodology that offers a means to pres... Read More about A knowledge-based system for powder metallurgy technology.

Computer simulation of morphology and packing behaviour of irregular particles, for predicting apparent powder densities (1997)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., & Midha, P. S. (1997). Computer simulation of morphology and packing behaviour of irregular particles, for predicting apparent powder densities. Computational Materials Science, 7(4), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0256%2897%2900003-7

This paper describes a methodology for prediction of powder packing densities which employs a new approach, designated as random sphere construction (RSC), for modelling the shape of irregular particles such as those produced by water atomization of... Read More about Computer simulation of morphology and packing behaviour of irregular particles, for predicting apparent powder densities.