Behaviour and microstructural characteristics of lime-GGBS-treated kaolin clay contaminated with gypsum

Jeremiah, Jeremiah J.; Abbey, Samuel J.; Booth, Colin A.; Kashyap, Anil

Abstract

In this experimental study, the physico-mechanical and microstructural properties of sulphate-bearing clays have been investigated. Sulphate bearing soils constituted by mixing kaolin and gypsum at 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% gypsum contents were treated with 12% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and 4%Lime (L) and 8% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and subjected to compaction, swell, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) analyses. The results of the study showed that the use of L-GGBS improved the soaked CBRs of the treated samples by over 43% when compared to OPC-treated samples after 7-days curing. A reduction in water absorption by 82% was also observed with L-GGBS treatment after 28-days curing. The UCS results also showed better performance with L-GGBS treatment exceeding 856% at 28 days. The effect of increased cementitious product with increasing gypsum content was negated by simultaneous and rapid growth of ettringite minerals which reduced the strength and increased swelling of OPC treated samples up to 18.92%, exceeding allowable limits of 2.5% as specified in Highway Agency Advice Note HA 74/07. The L-GGBS treated gypseous soil samples meet the strength requirement for stabilised sub-base (CS) and stabilised road-bases (CB1 and CB2) as described in TRL ORN31. Hence, the use of L-GGBS combination was found to be effective in ameliorating sulphate-induced expansion and therefore encouraged in the stabilisation of subgrade and road-base materials with high sulphate contents.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 11, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Jan 16, 2023
• Publication Date: Jan 16, 2023
• Deposit Date: Jan 19, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Jan 19, 2023
• Journal: Materials
• Print ISSN: 1996-1944
• Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
• Publisher: MDPI
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 16
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 874
• Series Title: This article belongs to the Special Issue Cement, Gypsum, and Lime Composites: Methods, Models, Kinetics, and Recent Advances
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020874
• Keywords: Materials science; gypseous soils; sulphate-induced expansion; lime treatment; GGBS; stabilisation; ettrin- gite; swell; by-products materials; CBR; road-base; sub-bas
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/10365282
• Publisher URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/874
• Related Public URLs: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials/special_issues/thermal_cement