Cultural adaptation and validation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) among Indonesian adolescents

Haywood, Sharon; Garbett, Kirsty M.; Craddock, Nadia; Hayes, Chloe; Saraswati, L. Ayu; Nasution, Kholisah; Medise, Bernie E.; Vitoratou, Silia; Diedrichs, Phillippa C.

Abstract

Background
Although mental health issues among Indonesian adolescents are of growing concern, a psychometrically valid measure of affect in Indonesia to inform related research and prevention and treatment efforts does not exist.

Methods
The present study’s aim was to culturally adapt and validate the widely used Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) among Indonesian adolescents. The original 30-item PANAS-C in English underwent forward and back translations to Bahasa Indonesia (the national language of Indonesia) followed by cognitive interviews with private and public school students ages 12–15 (n = 18). The adapted PANAS-C and measures to assess convergent validity were completed by 704 Indonesian adolescents from Greater Jakarta and the Javanese city of Surabaya (Mage = 13.56, SD = 0.906) (56.96% girls; 42.75% boys; 0.28% other). Most participants identified their ethnicity as Javanese (72.59%), Betawi (8.24%), or Sundanese (3.41%).

Results
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, which resulted in 26 items with a two-factor structure consistent with the original PANAS-C: A 12-item Positive Affect subscale and a 14-item Negative Affect subscale. Internal consistency was satisfactory for the Positive Affect subscale (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.88; McDonald’s omega was 0.88) and excellent for the Negative Affect subscale (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90; McDonald’s omega was 0.89). Test-retest reliability was acceptable for all items, and convergent validity was confirmed by significant correlations with measures of distress and well-being.

Conclusion
The adapted PANAS-C was found to be a reliable and valid measure of positive and negative affect that can be used with Indonesian adolescent girls and boys. This is the first validated measure of positive and negative affect for young people in Indonesia, which fills a need in mental health research and practice.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 19, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Nov 28, 2024
• Publication Date: Nov 28, 2024
• Deposit Date: Nov 28, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 29, 2024
• Journal: BMC Psychology
• Electronic ISSN: 2050-7283
• Publisher: BioMed Central
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 12
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 703
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02209-3
• Keywords: PANAS-C, adolescents, Indonesia, mood, affect, measures validation
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/13471310
• Additional Information: Received: 9 August 2023; Accepted: 19 November 2024; First Online: 28 November 2024; : ; : Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Indonesia (KET-580/UN2.F1/ETHIK/PPM.00.02/2020 & KET-1373/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2020) and the University of the West of England (HAS.19.11.078 & HAS.20.05.174). Written informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians of all participants, and informed written assent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. Research agency staff facilitating data collection ensured that teachers and parents were provided with a document outlining local and age-appropriate sources of support for young people should participants experience distress during data collection. No distress from participants was reported. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.; : Not applicable.; : PCD and SH are independent consultants to Dove and were on the Dove Self-Esteem Project Global Advisory Board from 2013 to 2016. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest in relation to this work.