Boss-babes and predatory optimism: Neoliberalism, gender, and multi-level marketing

Wrenn, Mary; Waller, William

Abstract

Abstract: Capitalism always depends on relentless sales efforts to battle against its endemic tendency toward a lack of effective demand. Multi-level marketing schemes (MLMs), which offer individuals the “opportunity” to earn income by becoming independent direct-to-consumer salespeople, emphasize and epitomize the optimism, meritocracy, and work ethic particular to our current stage of capitalism—neoliberalism. This research focuses on the co-evolution of multi-level marketing schemes and neoliberalism with a specific focus on their predation on women through “#BossBabe” rhetoric. Multi-level marketing schemes emerge from the tradition of traveling salesmen in the early twentieth century. Prior to WWII, women composed the minority of the door-to-door salesforce, their market primarily restricted to beauty products. After WWII, the number of women involved rose until women took over the majority of direct selling. Fed by the ideological imperatives of neoliberalism, growth of MLMs have increased dramatically since the 1980s, and exploded in the age of social media. Multi-level marketing schemes reinforce neoliberalism and exploit existing gender divides through faux-feminist rhetoric about female empowerment.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Mar 15, 2021
• Online Publication Date: Jun 17, 2021
• Publication Date: 2021
• Deposit Date: May 5, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 18, 2022
• Journal: Journal of Economic Issues
• Print ISSN: 0021-3624
• Electronic ISSN: 1946-326X
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 423-431
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2021.1908805
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/7338131