Asymmetric relationship between diversification and liquidity creation: Empirical evidence from GCC

Ali, Shoaib; Rubbaniy, Ghulame; Syriopoulos, Costas; Tee, Kienpin

Abstract

This study examines how bank diversification affects liquidity creation by using the bank level data of GCC countries. We use data from 205 banks in GCC over the period of 2005–2019. To test the hypothesized relationship, we employ the GMM methodological framework. The findings of the study reveal that both income and asset diversification adversely affect the narrow and broad measure of banks' liquidity creation. However, funding diversification positively(negatively) influences the broad(narrow) measure of liquidity creation. The results highlight that bank diversification is a double-edged sword; although it can help in reducing risk, but it also vanishes the banks' ability to create liquidity. However, the in-depth and detailed analyses reveal that the impact is asymmetrical across large, small, well-capitalized, and undercapitalized banks. Furthermore, comparing the normal and crisis periods highlights that banks behave differently in different economic conditions. The results have several implications for the bank managers and decision makers; they must consider the trade-off between liquidity creation and level of diversification. Additionally, the asymmetry in results implies that managers must consider the level/bank's specific characteristics while making such strategic decisions.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Feb 23, 2025
• Online Publication Date: Mar 4, 2025
• Publication Date: Jun 30, 2025
• Deposit Date: Feb 24, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: Mar 5, 2027
• Electronic ISSN: 1703-4949
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 31
• Article Number: e00409
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2025.e00409
• Keywords: JEL codes: C23, C58, G12, G21 Keywords: Banks; Income statement diversification; Liquidity creation; Bank capitalization; GMM _____________________________________________________________________
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/13787267