Ammonia vapour in the oral cavity as a diagnostic marker for infection with Helicobacter pylori: Preliminary 'proof of principle' pharmacological investigations

Dun, C.D.R; Blac, M; Cowell, D.C.C; Penaul, C; Ratcliffe, Norman M.; Spence, R; Teare, C

Abstract

Most current non-invasive tests for Helicobacter pylori depend on the conversion of labelled (13C or 14C) urea to labelled carbon dioxide (13CO2 or 14CO2) and ammonium (NH4+) by the enzyme urease, with the labelled CO2 detected in exhaled air. Despite suggestions going back over a number of years, the alternative possibility of using NH4+ (in the form of gaseous ammonia [NH3]) as the test parameter has received little or no attention. However, this approach is now being explored using a chemiresistive sensor detecting sub-parts per million concentrations of NH3. An in vitro 'glass stomach' (containing various volumes of hydrochloric acid [HCl] and ammonium chloride [NH4Cl]) was used to evaluate the means of increasing 'gastric' pH to that of the NH4+-->NH3 transition that occurs significantly at pH 9.24. This 'stomach' also was used to study mechanisms by which NH3 may be expelled in a pulse (as a surrogate belch), either by the in situ production of CO2 or through an exogenous source. On the basis of the protocols developed, H. pylori-negative subjects were tested before and after ingestion of 10 mg NH4Cl (as a surrogate for bacteria-produced NH4,), and H. pylori-positive subjects were tested without taking urea or NH4Cl. 'Intragastric' pH in the in vitro 'glass stomach' could be increased above pH 9.24 by adding a mixture of 15-30 mL magnesium hydroxide mixture (or the proprietary equivalent) and 50 mL water, and the resulting NH3 expelled by adding 100 mL CO2-saturated cold water (sparkling water). In vivo, NH3 levels in the oral cavity of H. pylori-negative subjects were increased after ingestion of 10 mg NH4Cl; however, levels in the oral cavity of a small number of H. pylori-positive subjects were two- to threefold higher after magnesium hydroxide and sparkling water. On the basis of in vitro studies, an in vivo protocol was developed to increase gastric pH above that required for the NH4+-->NH3 transition, and a mechanism established to release the NH3 into the oral cavity. Preliminary in vivo data confirm the chemiresistive sensor is sufficiently sensitive to NH3 to distinguish H. pylori-negative subjects who have taken 10 mg NH4Cl from those who have not, and clearly distinguish H. pylori-negative subjects from H. pylori-positive subjects. Ingestion of urea or other labelled tracers is not required, nor is belching; and the sensor takes less than two minutes to reach a maximum response. The data provide good evidence that the chemiresistive detection of NH3 has considerable potential as a rapid, point-of-care diagnostic test for H. pylori infection.

Citation

Dun, C., Blac, M., Cowell, D., Penaul, C., Ratcliffe, N. M., Spence, R., & Teare, C. (2001). Ammonia vapour in the oral cavity as a diagnostic marker for infection with Helicobacter pylori: Preliminary 'proof of principle' pharmacological investigations. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 58(2), 66-75

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Publication Date: Jan 1, 2001
• Journal: British Journal of Biomedical Science
• Print ISSN: 0967-4845
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 58
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 66-75
• Keywords: ammonia vapour, oral cavity, diagnostic marker, infection, Helicobacter pylori
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1090932
• Publisher URL: http://www.bjbs-online.org/