Embodied artificial intelligence and jus ad bellum necessity: Influence and imminence in the digital age

Pollard, Mike; Grimal, Francis

Abstract

In “re-opening” the classic debate surrounding a state’s wider right of self- defense (in light of emerging technologies, and via the “lens” of influence communications), the authors controversially “close” the following discussion in favor of allowing Embodied Artificial Intelligence (EAI) to lawfully authorize pre-emptive acts of self-defense in response to non-imminent threats of a grave use of force. The authors provide a twofold justification for adopting this highly provocative stance.

First, they argue that the introduction of EAIs will facilitate a unique recalibration of the necessity and last resort requirements of self-defense which would “enable” certain pre-emptive actions to be re-categorized as “anticipatory.” Secondly, the authors contend that because EAIs will be able to “compute” post- bellum considerations as part of their preparatory calculations, the potential unlawfulness of pre-emptive actions are further mitigated. In short, the utilization of EAI’s will ensure that a greater range of humanitarian protections can be provided to the civilian population when future acts of self-defense are deemed necessary.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 26, 2022
• Publication Date: Dec 30, 2022
• Deposit Date: Apr 13, 2023
• Journal: Georgetown Journal of International Law
• Print ISSN: 1550-5200
• Publisher: Georgetown University Law Center
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 53
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 209-275
• Keywords: International Law; Use of Force; Self Defence; Jus Ad Bellum; Necessity; Imminence; Artificial Intelligence; Influence Operations
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/10623085
• Publisher URL: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/international-law-journal/in-print/past-issues/