Outputs (4)

Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material (2022)
Journal Article

Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surfac... Read More about Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material.

Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone (2022)
Journal Article

Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the surface damage caused by perpendicular and oblique impacts of bullets into sandstone and limestone targets. Individual bullets fired in conditions simulating modern rifles at typical combat dis... Read More about Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone.

Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone (2021)
Journal Article

The shift of armed conflicts to more urbanised environments has increased the risk to cultural heritage sites. Small arms impacts are ubiquitous in these circumstances, yet the effects and mechanisms of damage caused are not well known. A sandstone t... Read More about Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone.

Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact (2019)
Journal Article

Recent instances of the destruction of cultural assets in conflict zones have demonstrated the need to develop methods which will allow for the assessment of damage to heritage stone in the field. In particular, non-destructive methods would be inval... Read More about Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact.