An energy-aware routing method using firefly algorithm for flying ad hoc networks

Lansky, Jan; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Malik, Mazhar Hussain; Yousefpoor, Efat; Yousefpoor, Mohammad Sadegh; Khan, Muhammad Umair; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi

Abstract

Flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) include a large number of drones, which communicate with each other based on an ad hoc model. These networks provide new opportunities for various applications such as military, industrial, and civilian applications. However, FANETs have faced with many challenges like high-speed nodes, low density, and rapid changes in the topology. As a result, routing is a challenging issue in these networks. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware routing scheme in FANETs. This scheme is inspired by the optimized link state routing (OLSR). In the proposed routing scheme, we estimate the connection quality between two flying nodes using a new technique, which utilizes two parameters, including ratio of sent/received of hello packets and connection time. Also, our proposed method selects multipoint relays (MPRs) using the firefly algorithm. It chooses a node with high residual energy, high connection quality, more neighborhood degree, and higher willingness as MPR. Finally, our proposed scheme creates routes between different nodes based on energy and connection quality. Our proposed routing scheme is simulated using the network simulator version 3 (NS3). We compare its simulation results with the greedy optimized link state routing (G-OLSR) and the optimized link state routing (OLSR). These results show that our method outperforms G-OLSR and OLSR in terms of delay, packet delivery rate, throughput, and energy consumption. However, our proposed routing scheme increases slightly routing overhead compared to G-OLSR.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 4, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Jan 24, 2023
• Publication Date: Jan 24, 2023
• Deposit Date: Jan 31, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Jan 31, 2023
• Journal: Scientific Reports
• Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
• Publisher: Nature Research (part of Springer Nature)
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 13
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 1323
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27567-7
• Keywords: Engineering, Mathematics and computing, Physics
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/10391885
• Publisher URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-27567-7