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Outputs (107)

Convolutional neural network ensemble learning for hyperspectral imaging-based blackberry fruit ripeness detection in uncontrolled farm environment (2024)
Journal Article
Olisah, C. C., Trewhella, B., Li, B., Smith, M. L., Winstone, B., Charles Whitfield, E., …Duncalfe, H. (2024). Convolutional neural network ensemble learning for hyperspectral imaging-based blackberry fruit ripeness detection in uncontrolled farm environment. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 132, Article 107945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.107945

Fruit ripeness estimation models have for decades depended on spectral index features or colour-based features, such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, colour moments, and/or histograms for learning traits of fruit ripeness. Recently, few studies... Read More about Convolutional neural network ensemble learning for hyperspectral imaging-based blackberry fruit ripeness detection in uncontrolled farm environment.

Vision detection for early signs of DD lesions and lameness within dairy cattle (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Shahbaz, A., Zhang, W., & Smith, M. (in press). Vision detection for early signs of DD lesions and lameness within dairy cattle.

Digital dermatitis stands as a primary cause of lameness in dairy cows, significantly impacting various facets of productivity. This paper proposes a two-stage vision system aimed at early detection of digital dermatitis (DD) lesions, ultimately prev... Read More about Vision detection for early signs of DD lesions and lameness within dairy cattle.

Real-time livestock activity monitoring via fine-tuned faster R-CNN for multiclass cattle behaviour detection (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Ahmad, M., Zhang, W., Smith, M., Brilot, B., & Bell, M. (2023). Real-time livestock activity monitoring via fine-tuned faster R-CNN for multiclass cattle behaviour detection. In 2023 IEEE 14th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON). https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316066

Automated cattle activity detection plays a pivotal role in modern livestock management, significantly impacting animal welfare and operational efficiency. This paper introduces an automated approach for cattle activity detection using advanced deep... Read More about Real-time livestock activity monitoring via fine-tuned faster R-CNN for multiclass cattle behaviour detection.

Predicting multiple-target search performance using eye movements and individual differences (2023)
Presentation / Conference
Birch-Hurst, K., Jones, A. M., Ong, A., Stoker, K. M., Smith, M. L., Zhang, W., & Clark, K. (2023, August). Predicting multiple-target search performance using eye movements and individual differences. Poster presented at European Conference on Visual Perception, Paphos, Cyprus

Accuracy in visual search – the process of detecting a target amongst distractors – is critical for life-saving career searches such as radiology and airport security. These searches often contain multiple targets (e.g., a tumour and a fracture) and... Read More about Predicting multiple-target search performance using eye movements and individual differences.

3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L., Boyd, S., Bhatta, D., & Smith, M. (in press). 3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy.

The significant beneficial effects of physiotherapy as a treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, is well known. However, the challenge for already stressed healthcare systems to provide effective physiotherapy to an aging population, that h... Read More about 3D Machine vision and deep learning for enabling automated and sustainable assistive physiotherapy.

Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa (2022)
Presentation / Conference
Olisah, C., Smith, L. N., & Smith, M. L. (2022, July). Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa. Paper presented at 17th International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining MLDM 2022, New York, USA

Existing machine learning models for crop yield prediction model environmental data on the assumption that soil variables are unaffected by weather variables and therefore learn their intrinsic features independently. If the focus of crop yield predi... Read More about Maize yield predictive models and mobile-based decision support system for smallholder farmers in Africa.

Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective (2022)
Journal Article
Olisah, C. C., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2022). Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 220, Article 106773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106773

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from the inadequacy of the body to secrete and respond to insulin. If not properly managed or diagnosed on time, diabetes can pose a ris... Read More about Diabetes mellitus prediction and diagnosis from a data preprocessing and machine learning perspective.

Towards machine vision for insect welfare monitoring and behavioural insights (2022)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Oparaeke, A., Gallagher, R., Karimi, A., Tariq, F., & Smith, M. L. (2022). Towards machine vision for insect welfare monitoring and behavioural insights. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, Article 835529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.835529

Machine vision has demonstrated its usefulness in the livestock industry in terms of improving welfare in such areas as lameness detection and body condition scoring in dairy cattle. In this article, we present some promising results of applying stat... Read More about Towards machine vision for insect welfare monitoring and behavioural insights.

Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural networks in high- and low-resolution images (2022)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., & Smith, M. L. (2022). Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural networks in high- and low-resolution images. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 13375 LNCS, 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10522-7_26

Eye centre localisation is critical to eye tracking systems of various forms and with applications in variety of disciplines. An active eye tracking approach can achieve a high accuracy by leveraging active illumination to gain an enhanced contrast o... Read More about Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural networks in high- and low-resolution images.

A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction (2021)
Conference Proceeding
Olisah, C., Adeleye, O., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2022). A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction. In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2021 (775-792). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89880-9_58

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia which results from the inadequacy of the body to secret and responds to insulin. If not properly managed or diagnosed on time, diabetes can pose a risk to vital body organs such... Read More about A robust machine learning framework for diabetes prediction.

Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs (2021)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Baxter, E. M., Rutherford, K. M. D., Futro, A., Smith, M. L., & Smith, L. N. (2021). Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs. Agriculture, 11(9), Article 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090847

Animal welfare is not only an ethically important consideration in good animal husbandry but can also have a significant effect on an animal’s productivity. The aim of this paper was to show that a reduction in animal welfare, in the form of increase... Read More about Towards facial expression recognition for on-farm welfare assessment in pigs.

Quantitative potato tuber phenotyping by 3D imaging (2021)
Journal Article
Liu, J., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Rao, Z., Smith, M., Jin, L., & Li, B. (2021). Quantitative potato tuber phenotyping by 3D imaging. Biosystems Engineering, 210, 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.08.001

The accurate phenotyping of the external quality attributes of potato tubers is important in potato breeding. Currently, the assessment of potato tuber shape, together with eye density and depth, are based on subjective naked eye visual evaluation. H... Read More about Quantitative potato tuber phenotyping by 3D imaging.

Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo (2021)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L. N., Langhof, M. P., Hansen, M. F., & Smith, M. L. (2021). Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595439

Palmprints are of considerable interest as a reliable biometric, since they offer significant advantages, such as greater user acceptance than fingerprint or iris recognition. 2D systems can be spoofed by a photograph of a hand; however, 3D avoids th... Read More about Contactless robust 3D palm-print identification using photometric stereo.

The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions (2021)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Hansen, M. F. (2021). The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions. Computers in Industry, 130, Article 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2021.103472

Over the past few years, what might not unreasonably be described as a true revolution has taken place in the field of machine vision, radically altering the way many things had previously been done and offering new and exciting opportunities for tho... Read More about The quiet revolution in machine vision - A state-of-the-art survey paper, including historical review, perspectives, and future directions.

A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples (2020)
Journal Article
Atkinson, G. A., Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Reynolds, C. K., Humphries, D. J., Moorby, J. M., …Kingston-Smith, A. H. (2020). A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 17557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74511-0

The digestive health of cows is one of the primary factors that determine their well-being and productivity. Under- and over-feeding are both commonplace in the beef and dairy industry; leading to welfare issues, negative environmental impacts, and e... Read More about A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples.

Deep 3D face recognition using 3D data augmentation and transfer learning (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, M., Smith, L., Huang, N., Hansen, M., & Smith, M. (2020). Deep 3D face recognition using 3D data augmentation and transfer learning

Abstract. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved humancomparable performance on challenging 2D face databases, outperforming all previous shallow methods. However, current 3D face recognition research still focuses on non-deep-learn... Read More about Deep 3D face recognition using 3D data augmentation and transfer learning.

Optical Imaging Technology In Colonoscopy - Is There A Role For Photometric Stereo (2020)
Journal Article
Smith, M., Shandro, B. M., Emrith, K., Slabaugh, G., & Poullis, A. (in press). Optical Imaging Technology In Colonoscopy - Is There A Role For Photometric Stereo. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 12(5), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v12.i5.138

Abstract Colonoscopy screening for the detection and removal of colonic adenomas is central to efforts to reduce the morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer. However, up to a third of adenomas may be missed at colonoscopy, and the majority of p... Read More about Optical Imaging Technology In Colonoscopy - Is There A Role For Photometric Stereo.

Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural network based regression (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Zhang, W., & Smith, M. (2020). Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural network based regression. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIVC47709.2019.8980972

This paper introduces convolutional neural network regression models based on the Inception-v3 and the DenseNet architectures for accurate and real-time eye centre localisation. At a normalised error of e < 0.05, the proposed method yields an accurac... Read More about Eye centre localisation with convolutional neural network based regression.

Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L. N., Byrne, A., Hansen, M. F., Zhang, W., & Smith, M. L. (2019). Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks. . https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530092

Automatic identification and selective spraying of weeds (such as dock) in grass can provide very significant long-term ecological and cost benefits. Although machine vision (with interface to suitable automation) provides an effective means of achie... Read More about Weed classification in grasslands using convolutional neural networks.

Multispectral imaging for presymptomatic analysis of light leaf spot in oilseed rape (2019)
Journal Article
Veys, C., Chatziavgerinos, F., AlSuwaidi, A., Hibbert, J., Hansen, M., Bernotas, G., …Grieve, B. (2019). Multispectral imaging for presymptomatic analysis of light leaf spot in oilseed rape. Plant Methods, 15, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0389-9

Background: The use of spectral imaging within the plant phenotyping and breeding community has been increasing due its utility as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. However, there is a lack of imaging systems targeted specifically at plant science duti... Read More about Multispectral imaging for presymptomatic analysis of light leaf spot in oilseed rape.

A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth (2019)
Journal Article
Bernotas, G., Scorza, L. C., Hansen, M. F., Hales, I. J., Halliday, K. J., Smith, L. N., …McCormick, A. J. (2019). A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth. GigaScience, 8(5), Article giz056. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giz056

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distri... Read More about A photometric stereo-based 3D imaging system using computer vision and deep learning for tracking plant growth.

Home activity monitoring using low resolution infrared sensor array (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Tao, L., Smith, M., Volonakis, T., Tan, B., Jing, Y., Chetty, K., & Smith, M. (2018). Home activity monitoring using low resolution infrared sensor array

Abstract. Action monitoring in a home environment provides important information for health monitoring and may serve as input into a smart home environment. Visual analysis using cameras can recognise actions in a complex scene, such as someones livi... Read More about Home activity monitoring using low resolution infrared sensor array.

Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Volonakis, T. N., Smith, M., Smith, L., Wilson, J., …Wright, G. (2018). Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture.

Weed control in pasture is a challenging problem that can be expensive and environmentally unfriendly. This paper proposes a novel method for recognition of broad-leaf weeds in pasture such that precision weed control can be achieved with reduced her... Read More about Broad-leaf weed detection in pasture.

Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Hansen, M. F., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2018, July). Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification. Paper presented at The 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing, Las Vegas, USA

We present and experimentally demonstrate the potential effectiveness of a photometric stereo based high resolution system for capturing 3D handprints using visible light sources. The sub-surface vascular structures are also enhanced through the use... Read More about Multispectral contactless 3D handprint acquisition for identification.

2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel (2018)
Conference Proceeding
Smith, L., Zhang, W., & Smith, M. L. (2018). 2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, & Pattern Recognition. , (16-22)

Research is reported into the design, implementation and functionalities of a vision system that employs the human face as a biometric for enabling ticketless rail travel. The system has been developed to optimise performance in the relatively unstru... Read More about 2D and 3D face analysis for ticketless rail travel.

White paper - Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture (2018)
Other
Duckett, T., Pearson, S., Blackmore, S., Grieve, B., & Smith, M. (2018). White paper - Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture. 2018 International Robotics Showcase

Agri-Food is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK. It supports a food chain that generates over £108bn p.a., with 3.9m employees in a truly international industry and exports £20bn of UK manufactured goods. However, the global food chain is und... Read More about White paper - Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture.

Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks (2018)
Journal Article
Baxter, E. M., Salter, M. G., Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Hansen, M. F., Hansen, M. F., …Grieve, B. (2018). Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks. Computers in Industry, 98, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.016

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Identification of individual livestock such as pigs and cows has become a pressing issue in recent years as intensification practices continue to be adopted and precise objective measurements are required (e.g. weight). Current b... Read More about Towards on-farm pig face recognition using convolutional neural networks.

Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems (2018)
Journal Article
Jamil, A., Khan, M., Imran, A., Wakeel, A., Smith, M., Smith, L., …Irfan, M. (2018). Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems. Computers in Industry, 98, 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.005

© 2018 Recent years have shown enthusiastic research interest in weed classification for selective herbicide sprayer systems which are helpful in eradicating unwanted plants such as weeds from fields, minimizing the side effects of chemicals on the e... Read More about Visual features based boosted classification of weeds for real-time selective herbicide sprayer systems.

Vanishing point detection for visual surveillance systems in railway platform environments (2018)
Journal Article
Tarrit, K., Molleda, J., Atkinson, G. A., Smith, M. L., Wright, G. C., & Gaal, P. (2018). Vanishing point detection for visual surveillance systems in railway platform environments. Computers in Industry, 98, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.03.005

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Visual surveillance is of paramount importance in public spaces and especially in train and metro platforms which are particularly susceptible to many types of crime from petty theft to terrorist activity. Image resolution of vis... Read More about Vanishing point detection for visual surveillance systems in railway platform environments.

A novel model and method based on Nash equilibrium for medical image segmentation (2018)
Journal Article
Zhang, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Smith, M., & Hancock, E. (2018). A novel model and method based on Nash equilibrium for medical image segmentation. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, 8(5), 872-880

Accurate image segmentation is a very important task in medical image analysis as it can help us to better distinguish tumours from normal tissues. One of the important features of MRI images of glioma (a kind of brain tumour) is that the tumour shap... Read More about A novel model and method based on Nash equilibrium for medical image segmentation.

Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field (2018)
Journal Article
Smith, L., Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Hales, I., & Smith, M. (2018). Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field. Computers in Industry, 97, 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.002

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Machine vision systems offer great potential for automating crop control, harvesting, fruit picking, and a range of other agricultural tasks. However, most of the reported research on machine vision in agriculture involves a 2D a... Read More about Innovative 3D and 2D machine vision methods for analysis of plants and crops in the field.

Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction (2018)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Grieve, B. (2018). Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction. Computers in Industry, 98, 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.006

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Leaf venation extraction studies have been strongly discouraged by considerable challenges posed by venation architectures that are complex, diverse and subtle. Additionally, unpredictable local leaf curvatures, undesirable ambie... Read More about Photometric stereo for three-dimensional leaf venation extraction.

Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device (2018)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Abdul Jabbar, K., & Forbes, D. (2018). Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device. Computers in Industry, 98, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.011

© 2018 Here we propose a low-cost automated system for the unobtrusive and continuous welfare monitoring of dairy cattle on the farm. We argue that effective and regular monitoring of multiple condition traits is not currently practicable and go on t... Read More about Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device.

BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum (2017)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Farooq, A. R., Sohaib, A., Farooq, A., Smith, L., …Broadbent, L. (2017). BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum. Sensor Review, 37(4), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-11-2016-0258

© Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose - Significant research has been carried out in terms of development of new bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) instruments; however, there is still little research available regarding spectral... Read More about BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum.

Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping (2017)
Conference Proceeding
Halliday, K., Smith, L., Hansen, M., Smith, M., Bernotas, G., Scorza, L., …Smith, M. (2017). Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping

The dynamic quantification of growth traits is critical for building accurate modelling tools to predict plant behaviour under different growth environments, and consequently in designing strategies to improve plant health and overall yields. We are... Read More about Photometric stereo technique suitability study for plant phenotyping.

Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, December). Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video. Paper presented at Visual observation and analysis of Vertebrate And Insect Behavior (VAIB), 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Cancun, Mexico

We investigate two locomotion traits in dairy cows from overhead 3D video to observe lameness trends. Detecting lameness -particularly at an early stage- is important in order to allow early treatment which maximizes detection benefits. The proposed... Read More about Locomotion traits of dairy cows from overhead three-dimensional video.

Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video (2016)
Journal Article
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M. L., & Smith, L. N. (2017). Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video. Biosystems Engineering, 153, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.017

© 2016 IAgrE Lameness is a major issue in dairy herds and its early and automated detection offers animal welfare benefits together with potentially high commercial savings for farmers. Current advancements in automated detection have not achieved a... Read More about Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video.

Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, October). Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video. Paper presented at Eighth International Conference on Graphic and Image Processing (ICGIP 2016), Tokyo, Japan

We present a spine arch analysis method in dairy cows using overhead 3D video data. This method is aimed for early stage lameness detection. That is important in order to allow early treatment; and thus, reduce the animal suffering and minimize the h... Read More about Overhead spine arch analysis of dairy cows from three-dimensional video.

Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Abdul Jabbar, K., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2016, October). Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video. Paper presented at IEEE ICSAE Conference, Newcastle, UK

Abstract— To date, there has not been a single method suitable for large-scale or regular-basis implementation to analyze the locomotion of quadruped animals. Existing methods are not sensitive enough for detecting minor deviations from healthy gait... Read More about Quadruped locomotion analysis using three-dimensional video.

Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Farooq, A. R., Smith, M. L., Ivanov, I. E., & Orlando, A. (2017). Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 13(2), Article e1761. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.1761

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Background: Remote consultations that are realistic enough to be useful medically offer considerable clinical, logistical and cost benefits. Despite advances in virtual reality and vision hardware and softwa... Read More about Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction.

Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. R. (2016). Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach. Sensor Review, 36(3), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-06-2015-0098

© Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose - This paper aims to introduce an unsupervised modular approach for eye centre localisation in images and videos following a coarse-to-fine, global-to-regional scheme. The design of the algorithm aims at ex... Read More about Eye centre localisation: An unsupervised modular approach.

Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 149, 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2016.03.014

© 2016 Elsevier Inc. The identification of visual cues in facial images has been widely explored in the broad area of computer vision. However theoretical analyses are often not transformed into widespread assistive Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) s... Read More about Gender and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction.

Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions? (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions?. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33(3), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.33.000333

© 2016 Optical Society of America. This paper seeks to compare encoded features from both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) face images in order to achieve automatic gender recognition with high accuracy and robustness. The Fisher vecto... Read More about Gender recognition from facial images: Two or three dimensions?.

Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction (2016)
Journal Article
Zhang, W., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., & Farooq, A. (2016). Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33(3), 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.33.000314

© 2016 Optical Society of America. This paper introduces an unsupervised modular approach for accurate and real-time eye center localization in images and videos, thus allowing a coarse-to-fine, global-to-regional scheme. The trajectories of eye cent... Read More about Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer interaction.

Ptu-024 - photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue (2015)
Journal Article
Poullis, A., Groves, C., Slabaugh, G., Emrith, K., & Smith, M. (2015). Ptu-024 - photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue. BMJ, 64(1), 68-69

This paper provides a novel approach for real-time detection of polyps. Using a photometric stereo sensor for endoscopy imaging in a porcine model, the 3D surface geometry of a porcine gut is recovered. Shape features are extracted from the 3D surfac... Read More about Ptu-024 - photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue.

A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function (2015)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Fletcher, M. E., & Henderson, A. J. (2016). A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 12(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.1669

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Background: Respiratory function testing is important for detecting and monitoring illness, however, it is difficult for some patients, such as the young and severely ill, to perform conventional tests that... Read More about A 3D machine vision method for non-invasive assessment of respiratory function.

Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis (2015)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., John, N. W., Smith, L., Sun, J., & Smith, M. (2015). Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 53(10), 961-974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-015-1281-z

© 2015, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. Two-dimensional asymmetry, border irregularity, colour variegation and diameter (ABCD) features are important indicators currently used for computer-assisted diagnosis of malign... Read More about Combination of 3D skin surface texture features and 2D ABCD features for improved melanoma diagnosis.

3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging (2015)
Journal Article
Sohaib, A., Farooq, A. R., Ahmed, J., Smith, L. N., & Smith, M. N. (2015). 3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging. Journal of Modern Optics, 62(11), 927-932. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1016130

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. This paper presents a novel algorithm for improved shape recovery using polarisation-based photometric stereo. The majority of previous research using photometric stereo involves 3D reconstruction using both the diffuse and... Read More about 3D reconstruction of concave surfaces using polarisation imaging.

Testing the validity of Lambert's law for micro-scale photometric stereo applied to paper substrates (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Azhar, F., Emrith, K., Pollard, S., Smith, M., Adams, G., & Simske, S. (2015, March). Testing the validity of Lambert's law for micro-scale photometric stereo applied to paper substrates. Paper presented at 10th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2015), Berlin, Germany

This paper presents an empirical study to investigate the use of photometric stereo (PS) for micro-scale 3D measurement of paper samples. PS estimates per-pixel surface orientation from images of a surface captured from the same viewpoint but under d... Read More about Testing the validity of Lambert's law for micro-scale photometric stereo applied to paper substrates.

A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement (2015)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Farooq, A. R., Smith, L. N., Sun, J., Xu, X., Farooq, A., …smith, M. (2015). A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement. Sensor Review, 35(4), 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-01-2015-0018

© 2015 © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose-This paper aims to review state of the art of techniques for dimensioning chronic wounds, and validate the possibilities of employing a new proposed optical imaging approach for general task of wound... Read More about A photometric stereo approach for chronic wound measurement.

Long-range concealed object detection through active covert illumination (2015)
Journal Article
Williamson, D. R., Hales, I. J., Hansen, M. F., Broadbent, L., & Smith, M. (2015). Long-range concealed object detection through active covert illumination. Proceedings of SPIE, 9648, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190194

© 2015 SPIE. When capturing a scene for surveillance, the addition of rich 3D data can dramatically improve the accuracy of object detection or face recognition. Traditional 3D techniques, such as geometric stereo, only provide a coarse grained recon... Read More about Long-range concealed object detection through active covert illumination.

An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region (2014)
Journal Article
Ahmad, J., Sun, J., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2014). An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region. Pattern Recognition Letters, 50, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2013.09.005

© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Although photometric stereo offers an attractive technique for acquiring 3D data using low-cost equipment, inherent limitations in the methodology have served to limit its practical application, particularly... Read More about An improved photometric stereo through distance estimation and light vector optimization from diffused maxima region.

Photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Emrith, K., Slabaugh, G., Poullis, A. P., Goves, C., & Smith, M. (2014, July). Photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue. Paper presented at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2014, City University London

We introduce photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue. Photometric stereo captures images of a surface from a single camera, but illuminated from different light sources. From the set of images, a detailed surface rec... Read More about Photometric stereo reconstruction for surface analysis of mucosal tissue.

Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Ahmad, J., Sun, J., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2014, July). Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach. Paper presented at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2014, City University London

A non-contact computer vision based system is developed for Pulmonary Functional Testing. The unique and novel features of the system are that it views the patients from both front and back and creates a 3D structure of the whole torso. By observing... Read More about Non contact pulmonary functional testing through an improved photometric stereo approach.

A novel photometric stereo imaging sensor for endoscopy imaging: Proof of concept studies on a porcine model (2014)
Journal Article
Poullis, A., Groves, C., Slabaugh, G., Emrith, K., & Smith, M. (2014). A novel photometric stereo imaging sensor for endoscopy imaging: Proof of concept studies on a porcine model. Gut, 63(S1), A46-A47. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307263.96

The American Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy led Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopy Innovations initiative has identified real time poly diagnosis as one of the next major technology driven changes in endoscopy (1). A number o... Read More about A novel photometric stereo imaging sensor for endoscopy imaging: Proof of concept studies on a porcine model.

Paper type classification based on a new 3D surface texture measure (2014)
Journal Article
Malekmohamadi, H., Emrith, K., Pollard, S., Adams, G., Smith, M., & Simske, S. (2014). Paper type classification based on a new 3D surface texture measure. Electronics Letters, 50(8), 596-598. https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.2687

A novel three-dimensional (3D) surface texture measure (3DSTM) is presented based on the micro-geometry of paper surfaces to classify different paper substrates. This is useful to automatically determine whether a document is printed on the correct p... Read More about Paper type classification based on a new 3D surface texture measure.

Using nasal curves matching for expression robust 3D nose recognition (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Emambakhsh, M., Evans, A., & Smith, M. (2013, September). Using nasal curves matching for expression robust 3D nose recognition. Paper presented at IEEE Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS2013), Washington DC, USA

The development of 3D face recognition algorithms that are robust to variations in expression has been a challenge for researchers over the past decade. One approach to this problem is to utilize the most stable parts on the face surface. The nasa... Read More about Using nasal curves matching for expression robust 3D nose recognition.

BRDF estimation for faces from a sparse dataset using a neural network (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., & Smith, M. (2013, August). BRDF estimation for faces from a sparse dataset using a neural network. Paper presented at Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP 2013, York, UK

We present a novel �ve source near-infrared photometric stereo 3D face capture device. The accuracy of the system is demonstrated by a comparison with ground truth from a commercial 3D scanner. We also use the data from the �ve captured images to mo... Read More about BRDF estimation for faces from a sparse dataset using a neural network.

Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation (2013)
Journal Article
Smith, L. N., Smith, M. L., Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G. A., Zafeiriou, S., Atkinson, G., …Smith, L. (2013). Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2012.2224109

This paper presents a new database suitable for both 2-D and 3-D face recognition based on photometric stereo (PS): the Photoface database. The database was collected using a custom-made four-source PS device designed to enable data capture with mini... Read More about Face recognition and verification using photometric stereo: The photoface database and a comprehensive evaluation.

Recovering skin reflectance and geometry for diagnosis of melanoma (2013)
Book Chapter
Sun, J., Liu, Z., Ding, Y., & Smith, M. (2013). Recovering skin reflectance and geometry for diagnosis of melanoma. In J. Scharcanski, & E. Celebi (Eds.), Computer Vision Techniques for the Diagnosis of Skin Cancer (243-265). UK: Springer

In order to achieve an early detection of skin cancers, various state-of-the-art imaging modalities have been investigated from optical, impedance, biomechanical and physiological perspectives to find out the potential biomarkers. However multilayere... Read More about Recovering skin reflectance and geometry for diagnosis of melanoma.

Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma (2013)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2013). Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma. British Journal of Dermatology,

Abstract Background Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) of malignant melanoma (MM) has been advocated to help clinicians in achieving a more objective and reliable assessment. However, conventional CAD systems only examine the features extracted from... Read More about Incorporating clinical metadata with digital image features for automated identification of cutaneous melanoma.

In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric stereo in the presence of interreflections (2013)
Journal Article
Sohaib, A., Farooq, A., Atkinson, G., Smith, L., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2013). In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric
stereo in the presence of interreflections. Journal of the Optical Society of America A,

This paper proposes and describes an implementation of a novel photometric stereo based technique for in vivo assessment of three-dimensional (3D) skin topography in the presence of interreflections. The proposed method illuminates skin with red, gr... Read More about In vivo measurement of skin microrelief using photometric stereo in the presence of interreflections.

Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications (2013)
Journal Article
Molleda, J., Smith, M. L., Smith, L. N., Broadbent, L., Emrith, K., Emrith, K., …Molleda, J. (2013). Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications. Computers in Industry, 64(9), 1390-1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.03.011

Existing face imaging systems are not suitable to meet the face representation and recognition demands for emerging applications in areas such as interactive gaming, enhanced learning environments and directed advertising. This is mainly due to the p... Read More about Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications.

Robust 3D face capture using example-based photometric stereo (2013)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Atkinson, G. A., Leitão, H. C., Saracchini, R. F., Saracchini, R., Stolfi, J., …Smith, M. (2013). Robust 3D face capture using example-based photometric stereo. Computers in Industry, 64(9), 1399-1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.04.003

We show that using example-based photometric stereo, it is possible to achieve realistic reconstructions of the human face. The method can handle non-Lambertian reflectance and attached shadows after a simple calibration step. We use spherical harmon... Read More about Robust 3D face capture using example-based photometric stereo.

Multidimensional imaging for skin tissue surface characterization (2013)
Journal Article
Sun, J., & Smith, M. (2013). Multidimensional imaging for skin tissue surface characterization. Computers in Industry, 64(9), 1383-1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.06.004

Human skin, the outer and largest organ covering our body, can be described in terms of both its 3D spatial topography and its 2D spectral reflectance. Such a characterization normally requires the application of separate procedures using different k... Read More about Multidimensional imaging for skin tissue surface characterization.

Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces (2012)
Journal Article
Wedowski, R. D., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2012). Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 50(12), 1765-1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2012.07.003

The dynamic inspection and reverse engineering of specular freeform surfaces is a challenge so far largely unsolved. Products produced in high quantities in industrial environments are still inspected manually which is labour intensive, expensive, mo... Read More about Dynamic deflectometry: A novel approach for the on-line reconstruction of specular freeform surfaces.

Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma (2012)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2012). Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma. Machine Vision and Applications, 23(5), 1029-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0356-6

This article concerns a new type of photometric stereo algorithm for which outliers such as highlights and shadows, including attached and cast shadow, are mixed with Lambertian data. The underlying motivation behind this algorithm is very simple: an... Read More about Combinatorial photometric stereo and its application in 3D modeling of melanoma.

Innovative machine vision technique for 2D/3D complex and irregular surfaces modelling (2012)
Journal Article
complex and irregular surfaces modelling. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 9(5), 113-121

Abstract—This study propose and demonstrates a novel technique incorporating multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks for feature extraction with Photometric stereo based image capture techniques for the analysis of complex and irregular 2D profil... Read More about Innovative machine vision technique for 2D/3D complex and irregular surfaces modelling.

A robust multi-scale integration method to obtain the depth from gradient maps (2012)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Atkinson, G. A., Leitão, H. C., Saracchini, R. F., Saracchini, R., Stolfi, J., …Smith, M. (2012). A robust multi-scale integration method to obtain the depth from gradient maps. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 116(8), 882-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2012.03.006

We describe a robust method for the recovery of the depth map (or height map) from a gradient map (or normal map) of a scene, such as would be obtained by photometric stereo or interferometry. Our method allows for uncertain or missing samples, which... Read More about A robust multi-scale integration method to obtain the depth from gradient maps.

Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas (2012)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, L., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2012). Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 50(5), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-012-0895-7

Computerised analysis on skin lesion images has been reported to be helpful in achieving objective and reproducible diagnosis of melanoma. In particular, asymmetry in shape, colour and structure reflects the irregular growth of melanin under the skin... Read More about Distribution quantification on dermoscopy images for computer-Assisted diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas.

Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point (2012)
Journal Article
Lao, F. Y., Liang, H. R., Huang, M. J., Zhang, Y. T., Wedowski, R., Atkinson, G., …Smith, L. (2012). Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 50(5), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2011.10.013

A branch cutting algorithm is proposed to solve the wrapped isoclinic causing isochromatic discontinuity and thus to decouple the isoclinicisochromatic interaction of photoelastic phase maps. Rather than pixel by pixel, the branch-cutting isoclinic w... Read More about Branch cutting algorithm for unwrapping photoelastic phase map with isotropic point.

Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions (2012)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2012). Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions. Skin Research and Technology, 18(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00534.x

Background: Early identification of malignant melanoma with the surgical removal of thin lesions is the most effective treatment for skin cancers. A computer-aided diagnostic system assists to improve the diagnostic accuracy, where segmenting lesion... Read More about Unsupervised sub-segmentation for pigmented skin lesions.

Face recognition in 2D and 2.5D using ridgelets and photometric stereo (2012)
Journal Article
Smith, M. L., Atkinson, G. A., Kautkar, S. N., Kautkar, S., Atkinson, G., & Smith, M. (2012). Face recognition in 2D and 2.5D using ridgelets and photometric stereo. Pattern Recognition, 45(9), 3317-3327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.03.007

A new technique for face recognition - Ridgefaces - is presented. The method combines the well-known Fisherface method with the ridgelet transform and high-speed Photometric Stereo (PS). The paper first derives ridgelet projections for 2D/2.5D face i... Read More about Face recognition in 2D and 2.5D using ridgelets and photometric stereo.

Multi-scale integration of slope data on an irregular mesh (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Saracchini, R., Stolfi, J., Leitão, H., Atkinson, G., & Smith, M. (2011, November). Multi-scale integration of slope data on an irregular mesh. Paper presented at Pacific-Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology, Gwangju, South Korea, 2011, Gwangju, South Korea

Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions (2011)
Journal Article
Liu, Z., Smith, L., Sun, J., Smith, M., & Warr, R. (2011). Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 6893 LNCS(PART 3), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23626-6_16

This paper proposes a novel reflectional asymmetry descriptor to quantize the asymmetry of the cutaneous lesions for the discrimination of malignant melanoma from benign nevi. A pigmentation elevation model of the biological indexes is first construc... Read More about Biological indexes based reflectional asymmetry for classifying cutaneous lesions.

Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2011, September). Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition. Paper presented at British Machine Vision Conference 2011, Dundee, UK

We present a number of related novel methods for reducing the dimensionality of data for the purposes of 2D and 3D face recognition. Results from psychology show that humans are capable of very good recognition of low resolution images and caricature... Read More about Psychologically inspired dimensionality reduction for 2D and 3D Face Recognition.

The photoface database (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Zafeirou, S., Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Argyriou, V., Petrou, M., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2011, June). The photoface database. Paper presented at Biometrics Workshop of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA

Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma (2011)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Farooq, A., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2011). Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma. Sensor Review, 31(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/02602281111109961

Pur ose - The ur ose of this a er is to describe innovative machine vision methods that have been em loyed for the ca ture and analysis of 3D skin textures; and the resulting otential for assisting with identification of sus icious lesions in the det... Read More about Machine vision 3D skin texture analysis for detection of melanoma.

Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis (2011)
Journal Article
Warr, R., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2011). Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 35(2), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2010.10.004

This article describes an enhanced curvature pattern based melanoma diagnosis system using convolution techniques and ensemble classifiers. We extract the 3. D data of melanoma with a photometric stereo device first. Then differential forms of the me... Read More about Enhanced 3D curvature pattern and melanoma diagnosis.

High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation (2010)
Conference Proceeding
Wedowski, R., Farooq, A., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2010). High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation. In W. Smari (Ed.), International Conference on High Performance Computing and Simulation (HPCS), 2010 (410-417). https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCS.2010.5547105

We propose a new high speed line tracing algorithm based on a well known differential geometric line extraction algorithm. The previously separate steps of line detection and line tracing are performed simultaneously. This allows the exclusion of non... Read More about High speed, multi-scale tracing of curvilinear features with automated scale selection and enhanced orientation computation.

Human subjectivity to apparent randomness of surface textures (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Emrith, K., Chantler, M. J., Green, P. R., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2010, September). Human subjectivity to apparent randomness of surface textures. Presented at 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Appearance, Gent, Belgium

Baseline face recognition using photometric stereo data (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Zafeiriou, S., Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Petrou, M., & Smith, M. (2010, September). Baseline face recognition using photometric stereo data. Paper presented at International Conference and Exhibition on Biometrics Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, 2010, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Hansen, M. F., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2010, September). An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo. Paper presented at International Conference and Exhibition on Biometrics Technology, Coimbatore, India

This paper is concerned with the acquisition of model data for automatic 3D face recognition applications. As 3D methods become progressively more popular in face recognition research, the need for fast and accurate data capture has become crucial. T... Read More about An efficient and practical 3D face scanner using near infrared and visible photometric stereo.

Multi-scale depth from slope with weights (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Saracchini, R., Stolfi, J., Leitão, H., Atkinson, G., & Smith, M. (2010, September). Multi-scale depth from slope with weights. Poster presented at British Machine Vision Conference, Aberystwyth, Wales

We describe a robust method to recover the depth coordinate from a normal or slope map of a scene, obtained e.g. through photometric stereo or interferometry. The key feature of our method is the fast solution of the Poisson-like integration equation... Read More about Multi-scale depth from slope with weights.

3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light (2010)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. F., Atkinson, G., Smith, L., & Smith, M. (2010). 3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 114(8), 942-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2010.03.001

This paper seeks to advance the state-of-the-art in 3D face capture and processing via novel Photometric Stereo (PS) hardware and algorithms. The first contribution is a new high-speed 3D data capture system, which is capable of acquiring four raw im... Read More about 3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light.

An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Zhao, L., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010, July). An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions. Paper presented at 2010 Proceedings of Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA), Warwick

This paper presents an unsupervised segmentation scheme to isolate pigmented skin lesion from surrounding normal skin. An adaptive mean-shift algorithm combined with maximal similarity based region merging is applied with a colour-spatial feature sp... Read More about An automated mean-shift based segmentation for pigmented skin lesions.

A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network (2010)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2010). A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network. International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control, 9(4), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIC.2010.033212

It has been observed that disruptions in skin patterns are larger for malignant melanoma than for benign lesions. In contrast to existing work on 2D skin line patterns, this work proposes a computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma ba... Read More about A computer assisted diagnosis system for malignant melanoma using 3D skin surface texture features and artificial neural network.

Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging (2010)
Book Chapter
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010). Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging. In A. Hierlemann (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th IASTED International Conference: Biomedical Engineering (BioMED 2010) February 17-19, 2010 Innsbruck, Austria (249-256). Acta Press

In this paper, we present a statistical study into skull deformations caused by positional plagiocephaly. We also consider the hardware used for the assessment of both severity and treatment. State-of-the-art external imaging hardware is employed to... Read More about Correlating plagiocephaly skull deformations with facial asymmetry using projected pattern 3D imaging.

Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo (2010)
Journal Article
Warr, R., Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Robert, W. (2010). Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo. Skin Research and Technology, 16(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00384.x

Background/purpose: After the formulation of ABCD rules, many new feature extraction methods are emerging to describe the asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation and diameter of malignant melanoma. In this paper, a new research direction orth... Read More about Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo.

A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions (2010)
Journal Article
Zhou, Y., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Warr, R. (2010). A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions. Skin Research and Technology, 16(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00403.x

Background/purpose: Automatic quantitative characterization of border irregularity generating useful descriptors is a highly important task for computer-aided diagnosis of melanoma. This paper proposes a novel approach to describe the border irregula... Read More about A new method describing border irregularity of pigmented lesions.

Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views (2009)
Journal Article
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2009). Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 5558 LNCS, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_1

This paper presents a novel method for estimating the three-dimensional shape of faces, facilitating the possibility of enhanced face recognition. The method involves a combined use of photometric stereo and profile view information. It can be divide... Read More about Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views.

Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting (2009)
Journal Article
Farooq, A. R., Atkinson, G., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2009). Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 5524 LNCS, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02172-5_13

This paper presents a novel 3D face shape capture device suitable for practical face recognition applications. A new surface fitting based face alignment algorithm is then presented to normalise the pose in preparation for recognition. The 3D data ca... Read More about Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting.

Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions (2009)
Journal Article
Ding, Y., Smith, L., Smith, M., Sun, J., & Warr, R. (2009). Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions. Skin Research and Technology, 15(3), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00352.x

Background/purpose: It has been observed that disruptions in skin patterns are larger for malignant melanoma (MM) than benign lesions. In order to extend the classification results achieved for 2D skin patterns, this work intends to investigate the f... Read More about Obtaining malignant melanoma indicators through statistical analysis of 3D skin surface disruptions.

Enhanced 3D visualisation of skin disorders for tele-dermatology (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Farooq, A., Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Warr, R., & Cotton, S. (2009, July). Enhanced 3D visualisation of skin disorders for tele-dermatology. Paper presented at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2009, Kingston University, London

Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Farooq, A., Smith, M., & Smith, L. (2009, June). Facial reconstruction and alignment using photometric stereo and surface fitting. Paper presented at Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Povoa de Varzim, Portugal, 2009, Povoa de Varzim, Portugal

The nose on your face may not be so plain: Using the nose as a biometric (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Moorhouse, A., Evans, N., Atkinson, G., Sun, J., & Smith, M. (2009, June). The nose on your face may not be so plain: Using the nose as a biometric. Paper presented at International Conference on Imaging for Crime Detection and Prevention, Kingston-Upon-Thames, London, UK 2009, Kingston-Upon-Thames, London, UK

Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Sun, J., Smith, M., Farooq, A., & Smith, L. (2009, June). Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy. Paper presented at Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems

Following a review of current hidden objects detection techniques in a range of security applications, a strategy based on an innovative, low-cost photometric stereo technique is proposed to reveal concealed objects. By taking advantage of informatio... Read More about Concealed object perception and recognition using a photometric stereo strategy.

Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Atkinson, G., Smith, M., Smith, L., & Farooq, A. (2009, June). Facial geometry estimation using photometric stereo and profile views. Paper presented at International Conference on Biometrics, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, 2009, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy

Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis (2008)
Journal Article
Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Coutts, L., Dabis, R., Harland, C., & Bamber, J. (2008). Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis. Skin Research and Technology, 14(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00274.x

Background/purpose: The optical appearance of human skin is highly dependent on the interaction between the illumination (type and position), observer position and the skin surface structure. Different currently available photographic techniques reco... Read More about Reflectance of human skin using colour photometric stereo: With particular application to pigmented lesion analysis.

Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities (2007)
Journal Article
Sun, J., Smith, M., Smith, L., Midha, S., & Bamber, J. (2007). Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities. Image and Vision Computing, 25(7), 1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2006.04.025

This paper presents a new multi-light source photometric stereo system for reconstructing images of various characteristics of non-Lambertian rough surfaces with widely varying texture and specularity. Compared to the traditional three-light photomet... Read More about Object surface recovery using a multi-light photometric stereo technique for non-Lambertian surfaces subject to shadows and specularities.

3D convolutional neural network for home monitoring using low resolution thermal-sensor array
Presentation / Conference
Tao, L., Volonakis, T., Tan, B., Zhang, Z., Jing, Y., & Smith, M. 3D convolutional neural network for home monitoring using low resolution thermal-sensor array

The recognition of daily actions, such as walking, sitting or standing, in the home is informative for assisted living, smart homes and general health care. A variety of actions in complex scenes can be recognised using visual information. However ca... Read More about 3D convolutional neural network for home monitoring using low resolution thermal-sensor array.