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The evolution of sex through the Baldwin effect (2017)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2017). The evolution of sex through the Baldwin effect. Artificial Life, 23(4), 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL_a_00242

This paper suggests that the fundamental haploid-diploid cycle of eukaryotic sex exploits a rudimentary form of the Baldwin effect. With this explanation for the basic cycle, the other associated phenomena can be explained as evolution tuning the amo... Read More about The evolution of sex through the Baldwin effect.

On Design Mining: Coevolution and Surrogate Models (2017)
Journal Article
Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2017). On Design Mining: Coevolution and Surrogate Models. Artificial Life, 23(2), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL_a_00225

© 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license. Design mining is the use of computational intelligence techniques to iteratively search and model the attribute space of ph... Read More about On Design Mining: Coevolution and Surrogate Models.

Haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithms: The Baldwin effect and recombination nature’s way (2017)
Presentation / Conference
Bull, L. (2017, April). Haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithms: The Baldwin effect and recombination nature’s way. Paper presented at 2017 AISB Convention, Bath, UK

This paper uses the recent idea that the fundamental haploid-diploid lifecycle of eukaryotic organisms implements a rudimentary form of learning within evolution. A general approach for evolutionary computation is here derived that differs from all p... Read More about Haploid-diploid evolutionary algorithms: The Baldwin effect and recombination nature’s way.

3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing (2016)
Journal Article
Preen, R. J., You, J., Preen, R., Bull, L., Greenman, J., & Ieropoulos, I. (2017). 3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 19, 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.11.006

© 2016 The Authors For practical applications of the MFC technology, the design as well as the processes of manufacturing and assembly, should be optimised for the specific target use. Another burgeoning technology, additive manufacturing (3D printin... Read More about 3D printed components of microbial fuel cells: Towards monolithic microbial fuel cell fabrication using additive layer manufacturing.

Design mining interacting wind turbines (2016)
Journal Article
Preen, R. J., Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2016). Design mining interacting wind turbines. Evolutionary Computation, 24(1), 89-111. https://doi.org/10.1162/EVCO_a_00144

© 2016 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. An initial study has recently been presented of surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms used to design vertical-axis wind turbines wherein candidate prototypes are evaluated under fan-generated... Read More about Design mining interacting wind turbines.

Towards a Physarum learning chip (2016)
Journal Article
Whiting, J. G. H., Jones, J., Bull, L., Levin, M., & Adamatzky, A. (2016). Towards a Physarum learning chip. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 19948. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19948

Networks of protoplasmic tubes of organism Physarum polycehpalum are macro-scale structures which optimally span multiple food sources to avoid repellents yet maximize coverage of attractants. When data are presented by configurations of attractants... Read More about Towards a Physarum learning chip.

Evolving unipolar memristor spiking neural networks (2015)
Journal Article
Howard, G. D., Bull, L., & De Lacy Costello, B. (2015). Evolving unipolar memristor spiking neural networks. Connection Science, 27(4), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2015.1080225

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. Neuromorphic computing – brain-like computing in hardware – typically requires myriad complimentary metal oxide semiconductor spiking neurons interconnected by a dense mesh of nanoscale plastic synapses. Memristors are freq... Read More about Evolving unipolar memristor spiking neural networks.

A brief history of learning classifier systems: from CS-1 to XCS and its variants (2015)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2015). A brief history of learning classifier systems: from CS-1 to XCS and its variants. Evolutionary Intelligence, 8(2-3), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-015-0125-y

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. The direction set by Wilson’s XCS is that modern Learning Classifier Systems can be characterized by their use of rule accuracy as the utility metric for the search algorithm(s) discovering useful rules. Suc... Read More about A brief history of learning classifier systems: from CS-1 to XCS and its variants.

On the evolution of Boolean networks for computation: A guide RNA mechanism (2015)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2016). On the evolution of Boolean networks for computation: A guide RNA mechanism. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 31(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445760.2015.1057590

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. There is a growing body of work within computational intelligence which explores the use of representations inspired by the genetic regulatory networks of biological cells. This paper uses a recently presented abstract, tun... Read More about On the evolution of Boolean networks for computation: A guide RNA mechanism.

A Cognitive Architecture Based on a Learning Classifier System with Spiking Classifiers (2015)
Journal Article
Howard, D., Howard, G. D., Bull, L., & Lanzi, P. L. (2016). A Cognitive Architecture Based on a Learning Classifier System with Spiking Classifiers. Neural Processing Letters, 44(1), 125-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-015-9451-4

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Learning classifier systems (LCS) are population-based reinforcement learners that were originally designed to model various cognitive phenomena. This paper presents an explicitly cognitive LCS by usi... Read More about A Cognitive Architecture Based on a Learning Classifier System with Spiking Classifiers.

On the evolution of behaviors through embodied imitation (2015)
Journal Article
Erbas, M. D., Bull, L., & Winfield, A. F. (2015). On the evolution of behaviors through embodied imitation. Artificial Life, 21(2), 141-165. https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL_a_00164

© 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Abstract This article describes research in which embodied imitation and behavioral adaptation are investigated in collective robotics. We model social learning in artificial agents with real robots. The... Read More about On the evolution of behaviors through embodied imitation.

Towards the evolution of vertical-axis wind turbines using supershapes (2014)
Journal Article
Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2014). Towards the evolution of vertical-axis wind turbines using supershapes. Evolutionary Intelligence, 7(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-014-0116-4

© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. We have recently presented an initial study of evolutionary algorithms used to design vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) wherein candidate prototypes are evaluated under fan generated wind conditions after... Read More about Towards the evolution of vertical-axis wind turbines using supershapes.

Toward the Coevolution of Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines (2014)
Journal Article
Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2015). Toward the Coevolution of Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 19(2), 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2014.2316199

© 1997-2012 IEEE. The production of renewable and sustainable energy is one of the most important challenges currently facing mankind. Wind has made an increasing contribution to the world's energy supply mix, but remains a long way from reaching its... Read More about Toward the Coevolution of Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines.

Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories (2014)
Journal Article
Howard, G., Bull, L., de Lacy Costello, B., Gale, E., & Adamatzky, A. (2014). Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories. Evolutionary Computation, 22(1), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.1162/EVCO_a_00103

Neuromorphic computing is a brainlike information processing paradigm that requires adaptive learning mechanisms. A spiking neuro-evolutionary system is used for this purpose; plastic resistive memories are implemented as synapses in spiking neural n... Read More about Evolving spiking networks with variable resistive memories.

Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with epigenetic control (2014)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2014). Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with epigenetic control. BioSystems, 116(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.12.004

The significant role of epigenetic mechanisms within natural systems has become increasingly clear. This paper uses a recently presented abstract, tunable Boolean genetic regulatory network model to explore aspects of epigenetics. It is shown how dyn... Read More about Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with epigenetic control.

Evolving functional and structural dynamism in coupled boolean networks (2014)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2014). Evolving functional and structural dynamism in coupled boolean networks. Artificial Life, 20(4), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL_a_00137

© 2014 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This article uses a recently presented abstract, tunable Boolean regulatory network model to further explore aspects of mobile DNA, such as transposons. The significant role of mobile DNA in the evolution... Read More about Evolving functional and structural dynamism in coupled boolean networks.

Towards the evolution of novel vertical-axis wind turbines (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2013, September). Towards the evolution of novel vertical-axis wind turbines. Paper presented at 13th UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence, UKCI 2013, Guildford, UK

Renewable and sustainable energy is one of the most important challenges currently facing mankind. Wind has made an increasing contribution to the world's energy supply mix, but still remains a long way from reaching its full potential. In this paper... Read More about Towards the evolution of novel vertical-axis wind turbines.

Embodied imitation-enhanced reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems (2013)
Journal Article
Erbas, M. D., Winfield, A. F., & Bull, L. (2014). Embodied imitation-enhanced reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems. Adaptive Behavior, 22(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712313500503

Imitation is an example of social learning in which an individual observes and copies another's actions. This paper presents a new method for using imitation as a way of enhancing the learning speed of individual agents that employ a well-known reinf... Read More about Embodied imitation-enhanced reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems.

Discrete and fuzzy dynamical genetic programming in the XCSF learning classifier system (2013)
Journal Article
Preen, R., & Bull, L. (2014). Discrete and fuzzy dynamical genetic programming in the XCSF learning classifier system. Soft Computing, 18(1), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-013-1044-4

A number of representation schemes have been presented for use within learning classifier systems, ranging from binary encodings to neural networks. This paper presents results from an investigation into using discrete and fuzzy dynamical system repr... Read More about Discrete and fuzzy dynamical genetic programming in the XCSF learning classifier system.