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Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with variable gene expression times (2021)
Book Chapter
Bull, L. (2021). Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with variable gene expression times. In Handbook of Unconventional Computing (247-259). World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811235726_0007

The time taken for gene expression varies not least because proteins vary in length considerably. This paper uses an abstract, tuneable Boolean regulatory network model to explore gene expression time variation. In particular, it is shown how non-uni... Read More about Evolving Boolean regulatory networks with variable gene expression times.

Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types (2021)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2021). Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 16(4), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2021.3108306

There is a rich history of evolutionary algorithms tackling optimization problems where the most appropriate size of solutions, namely the genome length, is unclear a priori. Here, we investigated the applicability of this methodology on the problem... Read More about Evolutionary algorithms designing nanoparticle cancer treatments with multiple particle types.

On coevolution: Asymmetry in the NKCS model (2021)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2021). On coevolution: Asymmetry in the NKCS model. BioSystems, 207, Article 104469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104469

The NKCS model was introduced to explore coevolutionary systems, that is, systems in which multiple species are closely interconnected. The fitness landscapes of the species are coupled to a controllable amount, where the underlying properties of the... Read More about On coevolution: Asymmetry in the NKCS model.

On the emergence of intersexual selection: Arbitrary trait preference improves female-male coevolution (2021)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2021). On the emergence of intersexual selection: Arbitrary trait preference improves female-male coevolution. Artificial Life, 27(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00335

Sexual selection is a fundamental aspect of evolution for all eukaryotic organisms with mating types. This article suggests intersexual selection is best viewed as a mechanism with which to compensate for the unavoidable dynamics of coevolution betwe... Read More about On the emergence of intersexual selection: Arbitrary trait preference improves female-male coevolution.

Autoencoding with a classifier system (2021)
Journal Article
Preen, R. J., Wilson, S. W., & Bull, L. (2021). Autoencoding with a classifier system. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 25(6), 1079 - 1090. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2021.3079320

Autoencoders are data-specific compression algorithms learned automatically from examples. The predominant approach has been to construct single large global models that cover the domain. However, training and evaluating models of increasing size com... Read More about Autoencoding with a classifier system.

Are artificial dendrites useful in neuro-evolution? (2021)
Journal Article
Bull, L. (2022). Are artificial dendrites useful in neuro-evolution?. Artificial Life, 27(2), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00338

The significant role of dendritic processing within neuronal networks has become increasingly clear. This letter explores the effects of including a simple dendrite-inspired mechanism into neuro-evolution. The phenomenon of separate dendrite activati... Read More about Are artificial dendrites useful in neuro-evolution?.

Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment (2021)
Journal Article
Tsompanas, M. A., Bull, L., Adamatzky, A., & Balaz, I. (2021). Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 41(2), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2021.02.002

In silico evolutionary optimization of cancer treatment based on multiple nano-particle (NP) assisted drug delivery systems was investigated in this study. The use of multiple types of NPs is expected to increase the robustness of the treatment, due... Read More about Metameric representations on optimization of nano particle cancer treatment.