All Outputs (39)

Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material (2022)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2022). Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 17634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22624-z

Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surfac... Read More about Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material.

Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone (2022)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2022). Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone. Royal Society Open Science, 9(7), 220029. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220029

Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the surface damage caused by perpendicular and oblique impacts of bullets into sandstone and limestone targets. Individual bullets fired in conditions simulating modern rifles at typical combat dis... Read More about Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone.

Mortar damage to heritage stone (2022)
Presentation / Conference
Mol, L., Cunliffe, E., & Brassey, C. (2022, May). Mortar damage to heritage stone. Presented at EGU 2022, Vienna

Stone built heritage in conflict areas is increasingly at risk of accelerated deterioration, as explosive and ballistic damage not only create damage to the surface, but also inherently change the mineral fabric of the stone to deep within the struct... Read More about Mortar damage to heritage stone.

Influence of landscape moisture sources and topography on rock weathering patterns associated with wildfire (2022)
Journal Article
Mol, L., & Grenfell, M. (2022). Influence of landscape moisture sources and topography on rock weathering patterns associated with wildfire. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 47(7), 1761-1777. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5345

From 9 March 2015, a wildfire burned an area of 25.7 km2, or approximately half of the Jonkershoek catchment (Western Cape, South Africa), over the course of 3 days. During this period, large areas of fynbos and commercial forest plantations were raz... Read More about Influence of landscape moisture sources and topography on rock weathering patterns associated with wildfire.

The efficiency of elemental geochemistry and weathering indices as tracers in aeolian sediment provenance fingerprinting (2021)
Journal Article
Nosrati, K., Moradian, H., Dolatkordestani, M., Mol, L., & Collins, A. L. (2022). The efficiency of elemental geochemistry and weathering indices as tracers in aeolian sediment provenance fingerprinting. CATENA, 210, Article 105932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105932

Confirmation of cost-effective and reliable tracers for aeolian sediment (sand dune) source fingerprinting warrants further research. Accordingly, the main objective of the work reported in this paper was to investigate the efficiency of weathering i... Read More about The efficiency of elemental geochemistry and weathering indices as tracers in aeolian sediment provenance fingerprinting.

Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone (2021)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2021). Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone. Geosciences, 11(9), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090395

The shift of armed conflicts to more urbanised environments has increased the risk to cultural heritage sites. Small arms impacts are ubiquitous in these circumstances, yet the effects and mechanisms of damage caused are not well known. A sandstone t... Read More about Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone.

Sediment source fingerprinting: Benchmarking recent outputs, remaining challenges and emerging themes (2020)
Journal Article
Collins, A. L., Blackwell, M., Boeckx, P., Chivers, C., Emelko, M., Evrard, O., …Zhang, Y. (2020). Sediment source fingerprinting: Benchmarking recent outputs, remaining challenges and emerging themes. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 4160-4193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02755-4

Purpose: This review of sediment source fingerprinting assesses the current state-of-the-art, remaining challenges and emerging themes. It combines inputs from international scientists either with track records in the approach or with expertise relev... Read More about Sediment source fingerprinting: Benchmarking recent outputs, remaining challenges and emerging themes.

Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., Mol, L., & Lee, T. L. (2020). Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones. In Monument Future - Decay and Conservation of Stone. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (993-998)

Despite protection in international law, cultural heritage still suffers both intentional and inadvertent damage during conflict. Behind visible surface cratering, typically caused by small arms projectiles, is a network of microscale damage that is... Read More about Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones.

Heritage in the crossfire (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Mol, L., Brassey, C., Clarke, L., Gilbert, O., Campbell, O., & Blenkinsop, T. (2020). Heritage in the crossfire. In Monument Future - Decay and Conservation of Stone. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (835-840)

The Heritage in the Crossfire project investigates the impact of ballistics on sedimentary stone, and their consequences for further deterioration. This is particularly important in light of the ever increasing power of arms and their ubiquitous use... Read More about Heritage in the crossfire.

Image is everything: Educator awareness of perceived barriers for students with physical disabilities in geoscience degree programs (2019)
Journal Article
Mol, L., & Atchison, C. (2019). Image is everything: Educator awareness of perceived barriers for students with physical disabilities in geoscience degree programs. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 43(4), 544-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1660862

This exploratory pilot study builds on the image issues associated with geoscience degrees (namely physical geography and geology) and the potential obstacles this creates for prospective applicants with physical disabilities; departmental faculty ma... Read More about Image is everything: Educator awareness of perceived barriers for students with physical disabilities in geoscience degree programs.

Integrating structure-from-motion photogrammetry into rock weathering field methodologies (2019)
Journal Article
Mol, L., & Clarke, L. (2019). Integrating structure-from-motion photogrammetry into rock weathering field methodologies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 44(13), 2671-2684. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4693

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Despite recent rapid advances in the field of structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry, the use of high-resolution data to investigate small-scale processes is a relatively underdeveloped field. In particular, rock... Read More about Integrating structure-from-motion photogrammetry into rock weathering field methodologies.

Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact (2019)
Journal Article
Gilbert, O., Mol, L., Campbell, O., & Blenkinsop, T. (2019). Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact. Heritage, 2(2), 1369-1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020087

Recent instances of the destruction of cultural assets in conflict zones have demonstrated the need to develop methods which will allow for the assessment of damage to heritage stone in the field. In particular, non-destructive methods would be inval... Read More about Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact.

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939 (2018)
Journal Article
Mol, L., & Gomez-Heras, M. (2018). Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939. Heritage Science, 6, Article 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0200-7

© 2018, The Author(s). Conflict damage to heritage has been thrust into the global spotlight during recent conflict in the Middle East. While the use of social media has heightened and enhanced public awareness of this ‘cultural terrorism’, the occur... Read More about Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939.

Implications of vegetation growth and rock weathering rinds associated with periglacial sorted circles and stone-/turf-banked lobes on Mafadi/Njesuthi summits, high Drakensberg, southern Africa (2018)
Presentation / Conference
Grab, S., Mol, L., Knight, J., Botha, T., Woodborne, S., & Carbutt, C. (2018, April). Implications of vegetation growth and rock weathering rinds associated with periglacial sorted circles and stone-/turf-banked lobes on Mafadi/Njesuthi summits, high Drakensberg, southern Africa. Poster presented at European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria

Large sorted circles (>30 cm in diameter and consisting of pebble centres and cobble to boulder borders, commonly vertically aligned) and stone banked lobes are thought to have formed during colder Neoglacial periods during the Holocene, but their ag... Read More about Implications of vegetation growth and rock weathering rinds associated with periglacial sorted circles and stone-/turf-banked lobes on Mafadi/Njesuthi summits, high Drakensberg, southern Africa.

Armed conflict impacts on the microscale (2017)
Journal Article
Mol, L. (2017). Armed conflict impacts on the microscale. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 902(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/902/1/012032

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Armed conflict has left noticeable marks on our heritage, and has increasingly become a target in itself despite protective legislature such as the 1950 The Hague convention. Both built heritage and st... Read More about Armed conflict impacts on the microscale.

The benefit of a tough skin: Bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage (2017)
Journal Article
Mol, L., Gomez-Heras, M., Brassey, C., Green, O., & Blenkinsop, T. (2017). The benefit of a tough skin: Bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage. Royal Society Open Science, 4(2), Article 160335. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160335

© 2017 The Authors. Projectile damage to building stone is a widespread phenomenon. Sites damaged 100 years ago during the First World War still see daily use, while in a more contemporary setting numerous reports show the damage to buildings in Baby... Read More about The benefit of a tough skin: Bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage.

Photoacclimation by arctic cryoconite phototrophs (2017)
Journal Article
Yallop, M. L., Williamson, C. J., Perkins, R. G., Bagshaw, E., Mol, L., Fagan, D., & Gamble, M. (2017). Photoacclimation by arctic cryoconite phototrophs. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 93(5), https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix018

© FEMS 2017. All rights reserved. Cryoconite is a matrix of sediment, biogenic polymer and a microbial community that resides on glacier surfaces. The phototrophic component of this community is well adapted to this extreme environment, including hig... Read More about Photoacclimation by arctic cryoconite phototrophs.

Long-term studies of land degradation in the Sneeuberg uplands, eastern Karoo, South Africa: A synthesis (2017)
Journal Article
Boardman, J., Foster, I., Rowntree, K., Favis-Mortlock, D., Mol, L., Suich, H., & Gaynor, D. (2017). Long-term studies of land degradation in the Sneeuberg uplands, eastern Karoo, South Africa: A synthesis. Geomorphology, 285, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.024

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. For the past 15yr, the Sneeuberg uplands in the eastern Karoo, South Africa, have been a focus for research on land degradation by the above authors and other colleagues. Earlier work in the Karoo emphasised vegetation change whe... Read More about Long-term studies of land degradation in the Sneeuberg uplands, eastern Karoo, South Africa: A synthesis.

Geomorphology, conflict and heritage; the new frontier? (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Mol, L. (2016, December). Geomorphology, conflict and heritage; the new frontier?. Presented at Invited lecture hosted by Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland

Projectile damage to building stone is a widespread phenomenon; sites damaged during World War I still see daily use while contemporary reports show damage to buildings in Palmyra and Mosul. Despite an ever-growing body of weathering research documen... Read More about Geomorphology, conflict and heritage; the new frontier?.

Cultural heritage documentation and conservation: Three-dimensional (3D) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques for shrapnel damage of facade School of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Lopez-Gonzalez, L., Gomez-Heras, M., & Mol, L. (2016, September). Cultural heritage documentation and conservation: Three-dimensional (3D) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques for shrapnel damage of facade School of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid. Poster presented at 5th International Conference YOCOCU 2016, Madrid, Spain

Projectile damage to buildings is a wide spread, yet underrepresented in weathering and conservation research as mechanism of deterioration. Affected sites range from buildings damaged in past conflicts, such as the First World War, to modern day thr... Read More about Cultural heritage documentation and conservation: Three-dimensional (3D) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques for shrapnel damage of facade School of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid.