A randomised controlled feasibility and proof-of-concept trial in delayedgastric emptying when metoclopramide fails: We should revisitnasointestinal feeding versus dual prokinetic treatment: Achieving goal nutrition in critical illness and delayed gastric emptying: Trial of nasointestinal feeding versus nasogastric feeding plus prokinetics

Taylor, Stephen J.; Allan, Kaylee; McWilliam, Helen; Manara, Alex; Brown, Jules; Greenwood, Rosemary; Toher, Deirdre

doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.04.020

Household water insecurity in a changing climate: The interplay between distance to water, income, caste and gender in rural Rajasthan, India (2023)
Presentation / Conference
Octavianti, T., Everard, M., Chun, K., Floyd, N., Sharma, O. P., Staddon, C., …Toher, D. (2023, August). Household water insecurity in a changing climate: The interplay between distance to water, income, caste and gender in rural Rajasthan, India. Paper presented at The RGS-IBG Annual International Conference, London

Climate change is expected to have a profound impact on Rajasthan’s water resources and consequently on household water security. This study investigates the relationship between socio-economic structures (household income, caste and gender), physica... Read More about Household water insecurity in a changing climate: The interplay between distance to water, income, caste and gender in rural Rajasthan, India.

The just-about-right pilot sample size to control the error margin (2023)
Journal Article
Obodo, S., Toher, D., & White, P. (2023). The just-about-right pilot sample size to control the error margin. International Journal of Statistics and Probability, 12(3), https://doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v12n3p1

In practice, the required sample size for a two-arm randomised controlled trial cannot always be determined pre-study with great accuracy. This lack of accuracy has economic, ethical and scientific implications. The sample size for a pilot study is... Read More about The just-about-right pilot sample size to control the error margin.

Estimation of the two-group pilot sample size with a cautionary note on Browne’s formula (2021)
Journal Article
Obodo, S., Toher, D., & White, P. (2021). Estimation of the two-group pilot sample size with a cautionary note on Browne’s formula. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 16(3),

Using data obtained from a pilot study, Browne (1995) proposed a procedure for estimating the sample size needed for a definitive two-arm randomised controlled trial when the minimal important difference is specified. Simulations confirm these findi... Read More about Estimation of the two-group pilot sample size with a cautionary note on Browne’s formula.

Ordinal Logistic Regression as an alternative analysis strategy for the comparison of two independent samples (2021)
Journal Article
Bilski, B., Derrick, B., Toher, D., & White, P. (2021). Ordinal Logistic Regression as an alternative analysis strategy for the comparison of two independent samples. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 16(3),

The two group between subjects design is pervasive with analyses often performed using the Mann Whitney Rank Sum test or using the Welch variant of the t-test. Using simulation it is shown that a dummy variable ordinal logistic regression (OLR) mode... Read More about Ordinal Logistic Regression as an alternative analysis strategy for the comparison of two independent samples.

Investigating Browne's method (2021)
Presentation / Conference
Obodo, S., Toher, D., & White, P. (2021, September). Investigating Browne's method. Poster presented at Statistics at Bristol: Future Reserach and You 2021, Bristol

Results supports Browne’s procedure of pilot sample size determination. However the data reveals that the procedure underestimates and overestimates sample size. Fig. 1 shows 𝛼 and 𝛽 have no practical effect on degree of excess which increases as... Read More about Investigating Browne's method.

Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations (December 2019) Summary Report (2019)
Report
Wiejak-Roy, G., Toher, D., Mason, J., & Lamond, J. (2019). Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations (December 2019) Summary Report. Investment Property Forum

Retail real estate has traditionally been seen as an attractive investment class. Historically it has provided superior returns, long-term stability and income growth. It has preserved residual value, allowed for diversification and enhanced the scop... Read More about Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations (December 2019) Summary Report.

Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations: Full report - December 2019 (2019)
Report
Wiejak-Roy, G., Toher, D., Mason, J., & Lamond, J. (2019). Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations: Full report - December 2019. London: Investment Property Forum

Retail real estate has traditionally been seen as an attractive investment class. Historically it has provided superior returns, long-term stability and income growth. It has preserved residual value, allowed for diversification and enhanced the scop... Read More about Chopping shopping? Implications of retail structural change on sector allocations: Full report - December 2019.

Parametric and non-parametric tests for the comparison of two samples which both include paired and unpaired observations (2019)
Journal Article
Derrick, B., White, P., & Toher, D. (2019). Parametric and non-parametric tests for the comparison of two samples which both include paired and unpaired observations. Journal of modern applied statistical methods : JMASM, 18(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1556669520

Samples that include both independent and paired observations cause a dilemma for researchers that covers the full breadth of empirical research. Parametric approaches for the comparison of two samples using all available observations are considered,... Read More about Parametric and non-parametric tests for the comparison of two samples which both include paired and unpaired observations.

Young carers in England: Findings from the 2018 BBC survey on the prevalence and nature of caring among young people (2019)
Journal Article
Joseph, S., Kendall, C., Toher, D., Sempik, J., Holland, J., & Becker, S. (2019). Young carers in England: Findings from the 2018 BBC survey on the prevalence and nature of caring among young people. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(4), 606-612. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12674

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Background: Many young people are involved in caring for parents, siblings, or other relatives who have an illness or disability. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of caring by young people in England... Read More about Young carers in England: Findings from the 2018 BBC survey on the prevalence and nature of caring among young people.

Feeding tube securement in critical illness: Implications for safety (2018)
Journal Article
Taylor, S. J., Allan, K., Clemente, R., Marsh, A., & Toher, D. (2018). Feeding tube securement in critical illness: Implications for safety. British Journal of Nursing, 27(18), 1036-1041. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.18.1036

© 2018 MA Healthcare Ltd Over 50% of tape-secured feeding tubes are inadvertently lost. The impact of nasal bridle securement on nasogastric (NG) and nasointestinal (NI) tube loss, outcome and duration of use was determined from 1 October 2014 (NG) a... Read More about Feeding tube securement in critical illness: Implications for safety.

Time to Initial Debridement and wound Excision (TIDE) in severe open tibial fractures and related clinical outcome: A multi-centre study (2018)
Journal Article
Hendrickson, S. A., Wall, R. A., Manley, O., Gibson, W., Toher, D., Wallis, K., …Khan, U. (2018). Time to Initial Debridement and wound Excision (TIDE) in severe open tibial fractures and related clinical outcome: A multi-centre study. Injury, 49(10), 1922-1926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.07.023

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Background: Recent national (NICE) guidelines in England recommend that initial debridement and wound excision of open tibial fractures take place within 12 h of the time of injury, a change from the previous target of 24 h. This... Read More about Time to Initial Debridement and wound Excision (TIDE) in severe open tibial fractures and related clinical outcome: A multi-centre study.

Tests for equality of variances between two samples which contain both paired observations and independent observations (2018)
Journal Article
Derrick, B., Ruck, A., Toher, D., & White, P. (2018). Tests for equality of variances between two samples which contain both paired observations and independent observations. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 13(2),

Tests for equality of variances between two samples which contain both paired observations and independent observations are explored using simulation. New solutions which make use of all of the available data are put forward. These new approaches are... Read More about Tests for equality of variances between two samples which contain both paired observations and independent observations.

Challenges for police leadership: Identity, experience, legitimacy and direct entry (2018)
Journal Article
Hoggett, J., Redford, P., Toher, D., & White, P. (2019). Challenges for police leadership: Identity, experience, legitimacy and direct entry. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 34(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9264-2

© 2018, The Author(s). The police service in England and Wales has developed a new approach to police leadership where individuals from outside of the police service can now enter directly to leadership ranks. Previous research identified that office... Read More about Challenges for police leadership: Identity, experience, legitimacy and direct entry.

The impact of an extreme observation in a paired samples design (2017)
Journal Article
Derrick, B., Broad, A., Toher, D., & White, P. (2017). The impact of an extreme observation in a paired samples design

The effect of systematically altering the value of a single observation within a paired differences design is considered. A paradox is observed for the paired samples t-test, where increasing the value of an observation in the direction of the true m... Read More about The impact of an extreme observation in a paired samples design.

Help! Is my sample big enough? (2017)
Journal Article
Toher, D. (2017). Help! Is my sample big enough?. Significance, 14(4), 12-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2017.01051.x

© 2017 The Royal Statistical Society Anne Beeston writes: I am planning a study to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment to reduce the microbial load in dried flowers, and need some advice on sample size to allow the determination of statistically sig... Read More about Help! Is my sample big enough?.

Stroke: Ineffective tube securement reduces nutrition and drug treatment (2017)
Journal Article
Taylor, S. J., Brazier, S., Allan, K., Clemente, R., & Toher, D. (2017). Stroke: Ineffective tube securement reduces nutrition and drug treatment. British Journal of Nursing, 26(12), 656-663. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.12.656

© 2017 MA Healthcare Ltd. Stroke patients with dysphagia often depend on nutrition, hydration and medication via nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes. Securing tubes using tape is associated with repeated tube loss. In this study, the authors determined ca... Read More about Stroke: Ineffective tube securement reduces nutrition and drug treatment.

Test statistics for the comparison of means for two samples that include both paired and independent observations (2017)
Journal Article
Derrick, B., Russ, B., Toher, D., & White, P. (2017). Test statistics for the comparison of means for two samples that include both paired and independent observations. Journal of modern applied statistical methods : JMASM, 16(1), 137-157. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1493597280

©2017 JMASM, Inc. Standard approaches for analyzing the difference in two means, where partially overlapping samples are present, are less than desirable. Here are introduced two test statistics, making reference to the t-distribution. It is shown th... Read More about Test statistics for the comparison of means for two samples that include both paired and independent observations.

How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations: A companion to Derrick, Russ, Toher and White (2017) (2017)
Journal Article
Derrick, B., Toher, D., & White, P. (2017). How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations: A companion to Derrick, Russ, Toher and White (2017). Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 13(2), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.13.2.p120

Standard approaches for comparing the means of two samples, comprising both paired observations and independent observations, involve the discarding of valuable information. An alternative test which uses all of the available data, is the partially o... Read More about How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations: A companion to Derrick, Russ, Toher and White (2017).

Scrambled statistics: What are the chances of finding multi-yolk eggs? (2016)
Journal Article
Toher, D. (2016). Scrambled statistics: What are the chances of finding multi-yolk eggs?. Significance, 13(4), 11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00933.x

© 2016 The Royal Statistical Society Journalists ask a lot of questions of statisticians, but some are more bizarre than others. Statistical ambassador Deirdre Toher recounts one such experience.

A randomised controlled feasibility and proof-of-concept trial in delayedgastric emptying when metoclopramide fails: We should revisitnasointestinal feeding versus dual prokinetic treatment: Achieving goal nutrition in critical illness and delayed gastric emptying: Trial of nasointestinal feeding versus nasogastric feeding plus prokinetics (2016)
Journal Article
Taylor, S. J., Allan, K., McWilliam, H., Manara, A., Brown, J., Greenwood, R., & Toher, D. (2016). A randomised controlled feasibility and proof-of-concept trial in delayedgastric emptying when metoclopramide fails: We should revisitnasointestinal feeding versus dual prokinetic treatment: Achieving goal nutrition in critical illness and delayed gastric emptying: Trial of nasointestinal feeding versus nasogastric feeding plus prokinetics. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 14, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.04.020

© 2016 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Background & aims Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) commonly limits the use of enteral nutrition (EN) and may increase ventilator-associated pneumonia. Nasointestinal feeding has not been tes... Read More about A randomised controlled feasibility and proof-of-concept trial in delayedgastric emptying when metoclopramide fails: We should revisitnasointestinal feeding versus dual prokinetic treatment: Achieving goal nutrition in critical illness and delayed gastric emptying: Trial of nasointestinal feeding versus nasogastric feeding plus prokinetics.

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