Outputs (7)

Heritage in the crossfire: Developing novel field-based methods for assessing ballistic impact driven deterioration of heritage stone (2023)
Thesis
Gilbert, O. Heritage in the crossfire: Developing novel field-based methods for assessing ballistic impact driven deterioration of heritage stone. (Thesis). University of the West of England. Retrieved from https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/10611589

This PhD project aims to advance current understanding of the damage caused by ballistic impact into stone-built heritage monuments in arid Middle Eastern and North African climates. Damage was assessed through the development of novel rapid, non-des... Read More about Heritage in the crossfire: Developing novel field-based methods for assessing ballistic impact driven deterioration of heritage stone.

Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material (2022)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2022). Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 17634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22624-z

Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surfac... Read More about Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material.

Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone (2022)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2022). Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone. Royal Society Open Science, 9(7), 220029. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220029

Controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the surface damage caused by perpendicular and oblique impacts of bullets into sandstone and limestone targets. Individual bullets fired in conditions simulating modern rifles at typical combat dis... Read More about Surface damage from perpendicular and oblique bullet impacts in stone.

Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone (2021)
Journal Article
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., & Mol, L. (2021). Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone. Geosciences, 11(9), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090395

The shift of armed conflicts to more urbanised environments has increased the risk to cultural heritage sites. Small arms impacts are ubiquitous in these circumstances, yet the effects and mechanisms of damage caused are not well known. A sandstone t... Read More about Surface and subsurface damage caused by bullet impacts into sandstone.

Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Campbell, O., Blenkinsop, T., Gilbert, O., Mol, L., & Lee, T. L. (2020). Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones. In Monument Future - Decay and Conservation of Stone. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (993-998)

Despite protection in international law, cultural heritage still suffers both intentional and inadvertent damage during conflict. Behind visible surface cratering, typically caused by small arms projectiles, is a network of microscale damage that is... Read More about Microstructural damage from bullet impacts in heritage sandstones.

Heritage in the crossfire (2020)
Conference Proceeding
Mol, L., Brassey, C., Clarke, L., Gilbert, O., Campbell, O., & Blenkinsop, T. (2020). Heritage in the crossfire. In Monument Future - Decay and Conservation of Stone. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (835-840)

The Heritage in the Crossfire project investigates the impact of ballistics on sedimentary stone, and their consequences for further deterioration. This is particularly important in light of the ever increasing power of arms and their ubiquitous use... Read More about Heritage in the crossfire.

Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact (2019)
Journal Article
Gilbert, O., Mol, L., Campbell, O., & Blenkinsop, T. (2019). Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact. Heritage, 2(2), 1369-1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020087

Recent instances of the destruction of cultural assets in conflict zones have demonstrated the need to develop methods which will allow for the assessment of damage to heritage stone in the field. In particular, non-destructive methods would be inval... Read More about Permeability and surface hardness surveying of stone damaged by ballistic impact.