Rainfall Prediction: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Machine Learning Algorithms for Time-Series Forecasting

Barrera Animas, Ari; Oladayo Oyedele, Lukumon; Bilal, Muhammad; Dolapo Akinosho, Taofeek; Davila Delgado, Juan Manuel; Adewale Akanbi, Lukman

Abstract

Rainfall forecasting has gained utmost research relevance in recent times due to its complexities and persistent applications such as flood forecasting and monitoring of pollutant concentration levels, among others. Existing models use complex statistical models that are often too costly, both computationally and budgetary, or are not applied to downstream applications. Therefore, approaches that use Machine Learning algorithms in conjunction with time-series data are being explored as an alternative to overcome these drawbacks. To this end, this study presents a comparative analysis using simplified rainfall estimation models based on conventional Machine Learning algorithms and Deep Learning architectures that are efficient for these downstream applications. Models based on LSTM, Stacked-LSTM, Bidirectional-LSTM Networks, XGBoost, and an ensemble of Gradient Boosting Regressor, Linear Support Vector Regression, and an Extra-trees Regressor were compared in the task of forecasting hourly rainfall volumes using time-series data. Climate data from 2000 to 2020 from five major cities in the United Kingdom were used. The evaluation metrics of Loss, Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error, and Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error were used to evaluate the models' performance. Results show that a Bidirectional-LSTM Network can be used as a rainfall forecast model with comparable performance to Stacked-LSTM Networks. Among all the models tested, the Stacked-LSTM Network with two hidden layers and the Bidirectional-LSTM Network performed best. This suggests that models based on LSTM-Networks with fewer hidden layers perform better for this approach; denoting its ability to be applied as an approach for budget-wise rainfall forecast applications.

Citation

Barrera Animas, A., Oladayo Oyedele, L., Bilal, M., Dolapo Akinosho, T., Davila Delgado, J. M., & Adewale Akanbi, L. (2022). Rainfall Prediction: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Machine Learning Algorithms for Time-Series Forecasting. Machine Learning with Applications, 7, Article 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100204

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Oct 28, 2021
• Online Publication Date: Nov 11, 2021
• Publication Date: Mar 15, 2022
• Deposit Date: Dec 10, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 15, 2021
• Journal: Machine Learning with Applications
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 7
• Article Number: 100204
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100204
• Keywords: Rainfall prediction; LSTM Networks; Multivariate time-series; Multi-step forecast; Time-series data
• Public URL: https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/8054691