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The Plight of Modern Markets: How Universal Banking Undermines Capital Markets

Sissoko, Carolyn

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Authors

Carolyn Sissoko



Abstract

© 2016 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA This paper explains the process of competitive deregulation that led both the US and the UK to embrace universal banking and to abandon the functional separation of financial activities that had long characterized their financial systems. The paper argues that some of the consequences of favouring universal banking over functional separation that were understood in the 1930s were rarely voiced in years preceding deregulation. The principal argument offered in favour of separation was that the commercial banking system, which is supported by a government ‘safety net’, needs to be protected from the risks inherent in investment banking. By contrast, this paper argues that functional separation played an important role in protecting capital markets from the banking system. Universal banking is associated historically with thinly traded stock markets, and this paper argues that universal banking promotes the formation of a small group of large dealer-banks which dominate the financial system and whose interests are best served by trading on nonpublic over-the-counter (OTC) markets. The paper finds that just such a group played a key role in the growing importance of such OTC markets in the US over the past few decades. The paper then argues that the benefits of the greater liquidity that large universal banks can provide to capital markets are offset by the dangers they create when they err. Because mistakes at these large banks are often allowed to grow in size to match the size of the banks, they distort prices on financial markets and sometimes create systemic risk. Two recent examples are given: J.P. Morgan Chase Bank's ‘London whale’ fiasco and UBS, Merrill Lynch and Citibank's exposures to subprime mortgages. Finally, the paper explains that the Senate Report on the Glass–Steagall Act indicates that the Act was designed in part to limit commercial bank participation in the margin loan market, as this activity makes possible a feedback loop between increases in the money supply and increases in asset prices, which in turn can generate an asset price bubble in capital markets. The recent crisis has led modern researchers to rediscover the relationship between margin lending, feedback loops, and asset price bubbles that was well understood by at least some legislators in the 1930s. The paper argues that the recent crisis demonstrates that modern banking regulation needs to be informed by an understanding of the consequences that may arise when a financial system is dominated by universal banks.

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Jul 26, 2016
Online Publication Date Oct 6, 2016
Publication Date Feb 1, 2017
Deposit Date Oct 17, 2019
Publicly Available Date Oct 18, 2019
Journal Economic Notes
Print ISSN 0391-5026
Electronic ISSN 1468-0300
Publisher Wiley
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 46
Issue 1
Pages 53-104
DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12071
Public URL https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/3868221
Publisher URL https://doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12071

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Copyright Statement
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Sissoko, C. (2017). The plight of modern markets: How universal banking undermines capital markets. Economic Notes, 46(1), 53-104, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12071. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.





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